Mid Sweden University

In our daily work life, we use a wealth of information, including a category of information produced as a part of products and their life-cycle phases, named digital technical information (DTI). Manufacturing organizations focus more often on the product than on DTI, because DTI’s impact seems almost invisible, despite its crucial role to the product and its life-cycle phases, development, production, maintenance, and destruction. Hence, the aim of this thesis is to describe DTI’s benefits and the research questions: “What are the benefits of the DTI?” and “What are the perceptions of how to measure benefits of DTI?” The thesis contains five studies related to identifying and measuring DTI’s benefits. The empirical material is based on semi-structured interviews and group interviews within five organizations and a survey among manufacturing organizations in Sweden.

I used three characteristics of the DTI and two pairs of previously known benefit categories to analyse the benefits. The analysis shows that the benefits are recognized in the particular product’s life cycle phase where the DTI is published. However, the DTI continues to offer benefits in the product’s other life cycle phases. In relationship to the product, the benefits evolve from supporting an individual product to supporting more general product lines or all products and a more complex product is said to increase DTI’s benefits. DTI’s structure adds benefits as synthesized or aggregated DTI, where the DTI is synthesized or aggregated automatically or manually. The categorization predetermined benefits related to the change are less numerous than the emerging benefits. The predetermined benefits are strategic by nature, and the emerging ones are mainly used to achieve operational goals. 

Measuring DTI’s benefits is of importance for a formal comparison of its development and is of special interest for managers. Perceptions from the initial stages on how to measure show that to establish common interpretations among the stakeholders of the measurement process is of importance, especially when it comes to what is viewed as a benefit. The benefits are viewed as intangible by the respondents, which creates difficulties when one is evaluating, using conventional measurement methods. The only perceived way to measure is when DTI reduces co-worker’s workload and efficiency is achieved. 

The thesis’s contribution to academia consists of the analysis of DTI’s benefits, showing details of the relationships between the DTI and its benefits. For practice, the contributions focus on the systematic evaluation process, which can be used for further development of the DTI and comparison of the evolvement of the DTI itself and relating to other resources. One proposal for future research is to use the analysed benefits and compare various approaches to digitizing DTI, e.g. Industry 4.0. Another proposal is to list, in detail, various ways on how to measure DTI’s benefits and their usefulness. The latter can positively impact on any intangible benefits due to the general approach we have established of how to measure those benefits.

The benefits of digital information are mostly viewed as intangible, meaning that they can be hard to measure. This lack of measurements makes the benefits difficult to compare and communicate, creating problems for e.g. decision-making and the strategic development of specific digital information. Therefore, I conducted a literature review to find out how the combination of intangible benefits and measurements are dealt with in the information systems field. I found that we measure the intangible benefits of information systems or information technology. Here, the measurement method is divided into input, rule, and output. The input consists of predetermined individual benefits, areas of predetermined benefits, or interpreted benefits from respondents. The rule follows an accepted theory or contextual adjusted rules, and the output (benefit) can be seen as either financial or non-financial. The avenue for further research focuses on the digital information as the primary resource, not information systems or information technology.

This paper analyses and discusses the identified requirements for technology enhanced systems for speech rehabilitation after a stroke. To stroke patients, a speech injury can be devastating, impacting their abilities to speak, listen, read, and write. Therefore, speech therapy is recommended as early as possible. To address the challenge with a growing percentage of older adults, therapy should include a variety of Technology Enhanced Systems (TES) to support the idea of independent living. These systems must be adapted to the patients' needs and speech therapy requirements. Based on a design science approach, requirements were determined from an analysis of ten semi-structured interviews with knowledgeable informants. Findings indicate several important requirements, such as: TES should be motivating, joyful, individualised and built on patients' needs and on speech therapists' professional knowledge. Furthermore, TES services must be user-friendly and provide training in each patient's mother tongue. Added to these requirements are ease of including close relatives as supporting persons, as well as accessibility through portable devices.

The 11th Scandinavian Conference on Information Systems (SCIS2020) in August 2020 was held on-line due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The conference was organized by the research group Forum for Digitalization at Mid Sweden University.

For long digitalization has been coupled with hopes and expectations on potential societal development with positive connotations. Stories of digitalization were stories of bridging and sometimes even dissolving geographical distances, or stories of enhanced efficiency creating opportunities for other and more liberating activities, or stories of how digitalization could replace lack of manpower in times of demographic challenges. At the same time, digitalization requires continuous access to physical artifacts, limiting our individual freedom as well as societies facing mechanisms of fragmentation, segregation and disruption.

These views set the theme for SCIS2020: Center and periphery, Inclusion and exclusion, and Risks and robustness are all important topics for contemporary and future IS research. We need to discuss how digitalization best could bridge the gap between urban and rural areas and facilitate local development. Furthermore, we need to further investigate the conceptof  ‘Digitalization of all’, How can we ensure a design of IS that truly supports inclusion, with an open discussion on the development processes? Finally, the fast ongoing digitalization also involves several risk issues that need to be addressed, two examples are cloud storage of sensitive information, and how to ensure power supply and robust Internet connections.

A total of 23 papers were submitted to the conference. After a double-blind review process, 8 high quality papers were accepted for presentation at the conference, and published in these proceedings.

SCIS2020 proudly presented two keynote speakers: the vice chancellor of Mid Sweden University Anders Fällström and the Director-General of the Swedish Agency for Digital Government, Anna Eriksson. Due to the pandemic, no workshops were arranged. Still, the SCIS conference was organized in conjunction with the Information Systems Research Seminar in Scandinavia (IRIS), with its 43rd annual meeting.

Syftet med denna rapport är att belysa digital teknologis påverkan på innovationsarenor. Vi har inom ramen för Interreg-projekt SMICE deltagit i arbetet med skapa innovationsarenor och då använt oss av digital teknologi. Den digitala teknologiin har använts för att främja deltagandet på innovationsarenor genom att erbjuda personer som har långt till dessa eller har andra förhinder från att kunna delta fysiskt. Vi undersökte detta genom fyra olika fall där den digitala teknologin användes på olika sätt för att säkerställa deltagande på distans och genom att verifiera våra resultat med experter inom området. Våra resultat analyserades baserat på tidigare kunskap inom öppen innovation samt distanslärande och resultatet visar att digital teknologi är en resurs att räkna med när det gäller att skapa innovationsarenor. Resultaten visar också att det finns utmaningar med att använda digital teknologi såsom: identifiera digital teknologi som kan stödja processerna, lära sig använda teknologin, inkorporera teknologin i processerna och att stödja andra aktörers teknologianvändning.Vi ser fram emot att digital teknologi används mer vid skapande av innovationsarenor och att forskningen fördjupas för att det blir ett sömlöst deltagande för alla deltagare. 

This position paper argues for further research within person-centered healthcare using digitization and systematic process within the fields of information systems and quality management. The included state of art shows the existence of both digital applications and innovation, whereas there is lack of knowledge on how to engage users, especially when it comes to older citizens. Besides the digital application, we should focus on developing related systematic processes to increase both organizational value and patient value.          Understanding user-design and development are necessary prerequisites to engage in digitalization and is also key to transformation in health care.

We propose a tentative research plan to increase students’ mental health in elementary schools by implementing Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The research plan should answer how to support students’ mental health using IoT solutions and the critical factors influencing testbeds for IoT solutions with the previously mentioned purpose. Our intended research method is Design Science, which we plan to use stepwise.

During the pandemic, physical meetings were supposed to decrease as much as possible to avoid the virus to spread. Before the pandemic, the physical meeting favoured social care and home health care in Sweden. One solution was to digitize as many of these meetings as possible. Therefore, we investigated this transition in a web survey, including questions with predetermined and open-ended answers. The web-survey was sent to co-workers in home health care and social care in a middle-seized municipality in Sweden. The results showed that not all meetings could be transformed, like meetings with citizens with hearing or cognitive impairments. Challenges related to the transformation were instability in technical equipment, the professionals’ and citizens’ knowledge of handling technical equipment, and access to technical equipment support. Despite this did the co-workers digitize meetings whenever possible, adding operational and problem-solving attitude to the transformation. Due to this study’s limitation, like respondents from one municipality and the pandemic’s length, we intend to investigate further and understand the development of the transformation and how knowledge in the area increases.

Stroke is a rapidly increasing disease worldwide, and speech and language impairments are common in stroke patients. A patient’s ability to speak, listen, read and write is reduced after stroke which affects the patient's independently living and quality of life. After an initial evaluation at the hospital, the stroke survivors are referred to the stroke rehabilitation centre where the speech therapists assist them in their challenging and long journey towards speech and language relearning. To enhance the patient's quality of life and to facilitate the speech therapists, technology-enhanced systems can play an important role. However, the currently used software applications such as online speech and language relearning applications are not specifically designed after the user’s need, and the user’s participation and empowerment are compromised. Medical caregivers and stroke patients are the main stakeholders and potential users of these software applications. Therefore, this study is aimed to understand the medical caregivers and the stroke patients’ needs for technology-enhanced speech and language relearning from medical caregivers’ viewpoint. 

Design science research strategy was adopted to create, implement and evaluate the artefact. Some important stakeholders such as speech therapists, a stroke specialist doctor, information and technology professionals and one stroke survivor participated in this study. Following the speech therapist’s expert opinion, an application for speech and language assessment was developed as an artefact. The application was then evaluated for technology acceptance with the speech therapists. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) was used as the theoretical foundation for making the interview questions and data analysis. 

The user's requirements for software application differ from one patient to another depending upon the patient's overall health after stroke, their age, social life, the level of speech and language loss, and previous experience with technology use. Stroke is common in adults and adults like to participate in designing their relearning process; therefore, adults should be involved in deciding the learning objectives, and adult learning principles are helpful to understate their needs for speech and language relearning. Due to impaired physical and cognitive conditions, the patients need a bigger interface with larger fonts and pictures and more constructive colours than usual. Tablets with touch pens are preferred hardware. The speech therapist should have the possibility to change the exercises runtime according to the patient's abilities and stamina to do the exercises. 

The technology acceptance evaluation showed that the developed application was easy to use and efficient for speech therapists. The study participants also highlighted some critical issues for better usability and technology acceptance. The application should be synchronized with speech therapists’ existing workflow and routines, and it should directly be connected to the hospital records system so that the patients’ data can easily be transferred to their journals. 

The role of facilitating conditions such as proper education and training about the system, and personalised support is also important in technology acceptance. The user’s trust in the system’s security and privacy and their personal integrity were also highlighted as main determinants for technology adoption and use. To achieve better coherence between the users and technology, all the tasks/exercises and sub-tasks in the application should be designed in close collaboration with speech therapists and stroke patients. Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, only one stroke survivor was interviewed in this study. However, the patients’ perspective is of utmost importance, and in future research, they will be involved in the design and development of such technology-enhanced systems.

Stroke is a globally increasing disease and speech and language deficiencies are common in stroke survivors. To facilitate medical caregivers in their professional work and to improve patients’ quality of life, technology can play an important role.  However, the use and acceptance of technology are uncertain and more research is needed in this direction. This study evaluates the technology acceptance and adoption of an online speech and language assessment application. The evaluation focused Design Science Research strategy was adopted for that purpose. Two physiotherapists, one occupational therapist and three speech therapists participated in the study. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) was used as the theoretical base for interview questions formation and data analysis. The study findings show that the suggested application is useful and easy to use; however, it should be more synchronised with speech therapists’ daily work routines. The speech therapists stressed that functionalities of the application should be designed in close collaboration with them, and it should be compatible with the already existing systems and services in place.  Due to the impairments after stroke, the patients have some specific preferences for software and hardware such as a tablet with touch pen is the preferred hardware. Additionally, the interface should have bigger text fonts and pictures, and highly contrastive colours in the graphics should be used for patients’ convenience. The user’s privacy and security, patient’s current health, and their previous knowledge and experience about technology were also found important determinants for intention to use the given technology. 

Speech and language relearning are challenging for stroke survivors as well as for medical caregiv-ers. After a stroke, a patient’s ability to read, write, speak, and listen is decreased to different degrees, which results in a compromised independent life and a decreased quality of life for the patient. Tech-nology enhances systems can play a vital role in this context. However, the available software are not specifically built for after the stroke patient’s needs. This paper is therefore aimed to gather require-ments for designing a tailor-made speech relearning software application for stroke survivors. A de-sign science approach was adopted, where different stakeholders such as medical caregivers and in-formation technology consultants were involved in the process. The well-informed and experienced participants in their fields highlighted some important requirements such as different types of inter-face for a patient than speech therapist with extra management functionality for speech therapists so that they can adjust the relearning exercises according to the patient’s needs. Software requirements vary from patient to patient where the intensity of speech and language impairments, general medical condition of the patient, age, prior experience, and knowledge about the information of the patient and social setup of the patient plays an important role. Since stroke is most common in adults and adults learn differently than children, adult learning theory might help understand the patients' needs. There-fore, adult learning principles were involved in the requirement analysis process. The established re-quirements will be used for the development of speech and language relearning software.

Stroke is a common and severe disease that can be found in all regions across the globe, and not onlyamong older adults. Result of a stroke can be death, or a variety of disabilities caused by impairments indifferent brain functions. This chapter discusses technology enhanced stroke rehabilitation from a threefoldview of cognitive, motoric and speech rehabilitation. The important research question was: Whatwould be the requirements for technology-enhanced stroke rehabilitation in the areas of cognitive, motoricand speech rehabilitation? The study was carried out with a requirement-focused Design Science approachcollecting data with semi-structured interviews. Informants were selected in a purposive sampling choosingprofessionals with valuable knowledge and skills in stroke rehabilitation. The findings in this study havegenerated useful general requirements for a future implementation and testing of technology enhancedstroke rehabilitation. Within each of the three rehabilitation categories cognitive, motoric and speech, thereseems to be potential for successful use of technology enhanced services. This development ofrehabilitation services must follow the fundamental principle for all forms of stroke rehabilitation: eachpatient needs a personalised treatment. However, in all three rehabilitation categories, there is a need todefine more specific requirements based on feedback from stroke patients testing the rehabilitationservices.

The percentage of older adults increases globally with an increased need for medical care. To support the idea of successful active aging, e-health seems to be an interesting concept. This study was conducted as a systematic literature study, with the aim to identify and discuss determinant factors in the Human computer interaction of eHealth for older adults. The important main research question to answer was: What are the critical challenges to address for an improved human computer interaction in technology enhanced health care systems for older adults? Findings show that there are several critical factors to consider, with trust, personal integrity, technological acceptance, e-health literacy and accessibility of ICT as the most determinant. If the found challenges are addressed, it might be possible to achieve the identified aim of independent living. The recommendation is a human computer interaction that is elderly centred, and involves the elderly users in the design process. However, no ICT enhanced system will be user-friendly enough to take away the need for social and technological support.

The population of older adults globally increased during the last couple of decades. Due to these demographic changes, the need for medical care has also significantly increased. Despite the age-related disabilities and chronic diseases, most older adults prefer independent living in their home environment. Technology-enhanced systems and eHealth applications seem to provide some promising solutions for older adults’ well-being and independent living. However, the adoption and acceptance of these applications for older adults are unclear and further research is needed in this area. This study was carried out as a literature review, to meet the aim of identifying and discussing important factors in the Human-computer interaction of eHealth for older adults. The overall research question for this study was: What are the critical factors to consider for an improved human-computer interaction in technology-enhanced health care systems for older adults? Findings indicate some important factors to address: personal integrity, trust, technology acceptance, accessibility of ICT and eHealth literacy. If the presented factors are considered and addressed, it would be easier to achieve the desired aim of independent living. The authors recommend a human-computer interaction that is older adults centred, with the involvement of older adults users in the design process. Proper education and training on the use of eHealth services are also of great importance. Finally, the technology-enhanced system should also provide good social and technological support to the users.

Post stroke rehabilitation is a global issue with increasing challenges today when the percentage of older adults is increasing. There is a need for new solutions to better assist stroke survivors' normally long way back to a good and independent life. The various post stroke impairments can be divided into the categories of cognitive, motoric and speech impairment, and the three also have their interrelations. This position paper has a focus on rehabilitation of stroke survivors' speech impairments, and the use of technology-enhanced systems to assist the speech relearning. The current reuse of language learning software for primary school students is doubtful, and should better be replaced by tailor-made and adaptable tools that fit the target group. Finally, the recommendation is a long-term strategy where some initial costs should fund the design, development and evaluation of new digital tools for speech relearning. This should be conducted in a collaboration between researchers, speech therapists, stroke patients. The approach should be iterative and user-centred, with both speech therapists and stroke patients as the end-users.

Speech and language loss is the most common disease for stroke survivors. The process of relearning communication skills is difficult and a time taking process. Technology-enhanced systems (TES) can be useful in speech and language relearning, however, the acceptance and usability of TES for stroke patients have been a matter of concern and more research is needed in this area. This study is therefore aimed to explore the factors that might influence the acceptance of technology-enhanced speech and language relearning after stroke. A systematic literature review was conducted to determine the technology acceptance factors. To ensure the state of the art in the given field, 97 articles written from 2016 to April 2021 were retrieved with a search string aligned to the research question. After applying the exclusion criteria and quality assurance, 13 articles were selected for inclusion. An overview of selected articles, their chosen methodology, and main findings from the articles was presented in a pre-defined table. The results show that patients’ physical and cognitive condition, the intensity of relearning exercises, native language, the involvement of friends and family, technical assistance and training, selection of hardware and usability of the graphical interface are important factors for acceptance of TES. Stroke patients tend to use TES. Independent living, treatment in the home environment, and improved quality of life are the major motivations for use of TES. However, TES should be tailor-made and a user-centre approach should be adopted. Finally, proper education and training are essential not only for the patients but for the speech therapists and patients’ relatives and friends as well.

An identified global phenomenon is that, as the percentage of older adults increases, new challenges arise for medical care and rehabilitation. Several research studies have presented e-health as a promising concept to support the idea of independent living among patients with chronic diseases. The Mid Sweden region has a relatively old population and is a region where people live with long distances to the nearest hospital or health care centres. This study had a focus on defining testbed requirements for a technology enhanced stroke rehabilitation adapted to the specific region. The focal research question to answer in this study was: What are the requirements and their associated benefits and barriers of using technology-enhanced systems instead of traditional techniques for stroke rehabilitation in the Mid Sweden region? With Design Science as the overall research strategy, data was collected by semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders in the field of stroke rehabilitation. A deductive thematic analysis was conducted where important themes were grouped into the four main requirement categories of: Technical, Human-computer-interaction, Clinic and Sustainability. Beside the more specific requirements, an interesting finding was the division of stroke rehabilitation into the categories motoric, cognitive and speech rehabilitation; also, how technology enhanced solutions might be used in these categories. Each category has a potential for a successful use of technology enhanced services, but as the standard procedure in traditional stroke rehabilitation each patient needs a personalised treatment.   

Speech and language relearning are challenging for stroke survivors, as well as medical caregivers. After a stroke, patient’s ability to read, write, speak, and listen is decreased to different degrees, which results in a compromised independent life and a decreased quality of life for the patients. Technology-Enhanced Systems (TES) can play a vital role in this context. However, the available software are not explicitly built for recovering stroke patients’ needs but often for children’s learning needs. This paper is, therefore, aimed at gathering requirements to support the design of speech and language relearning software applications for stroke survivors. A design science approach was adopted, where different stakeholders such as medical caregivers and information technology consultants were involved in the process. Deductive thematic analysis was conducted to analyze the main findings according to adult learning theory. The software requirements vary from patient to patient where the intensity of speech and language impairments, general medical condition, age, prior experience, and knowledge about the previous health record, and social setup of the patient are playing an important role. The speech therapists should have management functionality in the software to adjust the relearning exercises according to the patient's needs.  Since, stroke is most common in adults who learn differently than children, andragogy principles were useful in recognizing patients' health conditions. Adults are interested to be involved in the development of their relearning process. Software for speech and language assessment will be helpful to establish relearning objectives for patients.

The growing network density and unprecedented increase in network traffic, caused by the massively expanding number of connected devices and online services, require intelligent network operations. Machine Learning (ML) has been applied in this regard in different types of networks and networking technologies to meet the requirements of future communicating devices and services. In this article, we provide a detailed account of current research on the application of ML in communication networks and shed light on future research challenges. Research on the application of ML in communication networks is described in: i) the three layers, i.e., physical, access, and network layers; and ii) novel computing and networking concepts such as Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC), Software Defined Networking (SDN), Network Functions Virtualization (NFV), and a brief overview of ML-based network security. Important future research challenges are identified and presented to help stir further research in key areas in this direction.

For most people social media has become a natural part of everyday life and there are probably few who have missed the rising popularity of selfies, but perhaps the rising popularity of photo manipulation is less obvious. Although studies have shown that selfies can have positive effects, there are still a general agreement that the development is concerning, and since the selfie seems to be here to stay, it is important to gain more knowledge about the phenomenon. The study used a mixed method to describe who photo manipulates selfies, what in the selfie that gets corrected, how the correction is performed and why someone chooses to photo manipulate selfies on social media. Using a web-based questionnaire and semi-structured interviews, quantitative data could be collected which were analysed using descriptive statistics, additionally the qualitative data were interpreted using a thematic analysis.

The results showed that younger women photo manipulated selfies more often than younger men, but the difference levelled out with age, that the time spent on social media did not lead to a higher frequency of photo manipulation and that the most frequently used photo manipulation was filters and photo effects. In addition, the driving forces of impression control, the selfie-self, digital culture, and self-encouragement could be identified, and affected what was corrected, how the correction was performed and the frequents of photo manipulation on selfies. The result showed that photo manipulation of selfies on social media can have positive effects which can help to nuance the discussion about digital editing of selfies.

Virtual reality (VR) is a computer generated 3D representation of real- or fictional environments. VR can be used to create real-life simulations that allow users to experience being present in the environment that being simulated. VR is applied for the purpose of education and training. However, technology takes on a growing role in education as it is considered an alternative to replace traditional teaching. The problem is that research on VR in engineering education is limited and it does not take into account the educators’ point of view regarding VR as an education tool. Which can lead to VR applications that do not hold in reality. The purpose of the study is to investigate VR's current position in engineering education through the identification of opportunities and challenges, based on the educators’ attitude towards VR as an education tool. A qualitative study was carried out to investigate the subject matter. The data for the study was collected via digital trace survey about VR and semi-structured interviews with programmanagers from various engineering programs. The results of the study shows that programmanagers have a positive attitude towards VR and that VR implementation as an education tool is limited within the universities / high schools that were investigated. Furthermore, VR is mostly used for research purposes. The lack of VR's application in education can be due to various factors that are regarded as challenges, which are: lack of confidence in VR-technology, lack of purpose of use and in need for development of VR simulations. There is also opportunities with VR which are: that VR has various positive individual effects, it is cost effective and that VR-laboratories are available for training and development purposes when applying VR.

This study examines inexperienced users’ perceptions of therelationships between aspects of user acceptance in professionalmeetings, based on usability tests performed in a VR application.The study is supported by specific parts of a Design scienceresearch methodology. As a starting point in the study of useracceptance, a specifically developed version of the TechnologyAcceptance Model (TAM) is used. This TAM-tool focuses on useracceptance in relation to the two basic aspects, perceivedusefulness and perceived ease of use and these, in which relationsare also explored relative to perceived enjoyment, perceivedpresence and perceived cybersickness. In the study, three testrounds were performed with a total of six participants with minorexperience of VR. The participants conducted usability tests ofprofessional meetings in pairs, in a pre-alpha version of meetingcontexts in Freeland VR based on explicit scenarios. The testsessions were videotaped, and selected clips were used to triggerthe participants’ reflections in the interviews conducted inimmediate connection with the test sessions. The main empiricaldata is thus audio recordings of the interviews. A qualitativeanalysis was then made of the respondents’ reflections on thedifferent aspects of user acceptance that were analyzed in relationto each other to understand how they affect each other in differentways. The results showed that the participants perceived that useracceptance of the professional meetings in Freeland VR was clearlyrelated to the fact that they saw the potential for usefulness inprofessional meeting settings. The lack of ease of use in some of thescenarios and cybersickness were also perceived as somewhatnegatively related to user acceptance, although not explicitly sincethe participants themselves perceived them as transitional anddisappearing with more habit. The result clearly suggested that thepositive aspects in relation to user acceptance were both theevidently perceived presence and enjoyment. The overallconclusion is that the relationships between aspects that are mostclearly perceived as important for user acceptance were therelationships between the overall aspect, perceived usability andthe two underlying aspects perceived enjoyment and perceivedpresence.

Nowadays many people get together in social networks, which is also a place where you seek information about current events. It’s possible to ask questions and communicate in real time which can be useful in case of crisis. Content in social network is generated by users which also could make it a place for spreading of rumors. The purpose of this work was to investigate the use of social networks and its importance and limitations during the different phases of a crisis. The research was a case study where The use of social networks during the wildfires in Pålgård in the summer of 2018 was investigated. Data collection was performed by interviews, documentary research of social networks and background information. The interviewees’ respondents have been appointed through exploratory selection. Four respondents represent different actors who collaborated during the forest fire in Pålgård 2018. One of the respondents administers a Facebook group that was frequently used during the event. The last respondent is a private person who is also the station manager’s siblings. This respondent initially helped the sibling to coordinate volunteer efforts in the abovementioned Facebook group. Social media has a great potential when it comes to reaching out to many in a short time. Regarding the forest fire in Pålgård, Facebook has primarily been used to share information, coordinate efforts, offer help and questions. Even traditional media uses their Facebook channels to share their news. In order to avoid speculation and misunderstanding, which can lead to rumor spread, it is of great importance that there is accurate and reliable information available to the public, and that their questions are answered. This is something social media can be used for.

Det här är en kokbok för förändringsledare. Du kan använda denna bok om du ska leda utvecklingsaktiviteter och letar efter bra och beprövade metoder för att leda grupper och processer. Vi beskriver metoderna som vi har använt inom vårt projekt SMICE, i  vilket sammanhang metoderna använts och när de olika metoderna fungerat bra. Vår förhoppning med att nedteckna dessa metoder är att du ska inspireras och vågar  prova något nytt för att skapa nytta. Vi tror att ett detaljerat sätt att dokumentera metoderna gör dem mer användbara för dig men också för oss själva. Metoderna är graderade efter vilket behov av förkunskap och förberedelser du behöver, från det enklaste, där du kan öppna kokboken och använda metoden på en gång, till metoder som kräver utbildning eller specialistkompetens innan du sätter igång. Boken är indelad i fyra huvuddelar; Starta, Forma, Utveckla och förankra och Bygga vidare. Till dessa delar har vi identifierat metodstöd som kan användas vid en rad olika tillfällen; vid idégenerering, vid idéutveckling, vid affärsutveckling, för att inspirera, för att skapa samsyn och samverkan och för att mobilisera större grupper av människor och organisationer. Något för alla, alltså. Avslutningsvis finner du tips och stöd för att driva dessa utvecklingsprocesser på distans med digitala verktyg i digitala möten. Ska vi sammanfatta någon lärdom av detta arbete så blir det våra nycklar som presenteras på nästa sida. Du kan se dessa nycklar som våra bästa råd för att du ska lyckas med ditt  arbete med att leda processer och att ordna möten. Lycka till!

Metoderna har testats och utvecklats inom SMICE - Samskapande Mittnordisk Innovationsarena för Cirkulär Ekonomi, ett projekt inom Interreg som pågått  2017-2020. 

The Swedish software industry is seeing explosive growth and Swedish colleges and universities play a crucial part in supplying industry professionals with relevant education. Studies show an existing gap between what software engineering (SE) education teaches students and what the software industry needs. This study looked specifically at what technologies Swedish SE education used in its syllabuses compared to what technologies were in demand by the Swedish software industry to determine if any knowledge gaps existed. Course syllabuses and job posts were collected and compared through text analysis, highlighting keywords associated with different technologies. The result showed that the Swedish SE education overall aligned with industry demands with some minor exceptions. Conclusions were that some improvements could be made to meet the demand of technologies such as C\#, TypeScript, Kubernetes, and Docker.

The purpose of the study is to investigate how digitalgaming experience affects how motivated studentsbecome by gamification and whether there is anydifference in motivation that is experienced whetherplaying or not in leisure.There was no clear connection on the motivation withinthe different game groups of the result. The resultshowed that some elements motivated more than othersand those that motivated the groups most were points,levels and quests

Maps in mobile devices are appreciated aids for exploring andacquiring information about different geographical locationsaround the world. In these maps, you can, among otherthings, get directions, find restaurants in the local area andnavigate in public transport. To an increasing extent the mapsalso contain real-time data, i.e., information that is current andreflects reality and this information is continuously updatedand can inform the user about traffic situations, extent of airpollution in a specific area or delays of public transport. Theinformation in a map is primarily conveyed visually, whichmeans that people with visual impairments not always canaccess the information that is presented on the screen. Theexisting research on accessibility in maps for people withvisual impairments does not deal with real-time data, and thepurpose of this study was to identify which factors that affectsthe accessibility in maps that contains real-time data and withthese findings develop a model.A qualitative study has been conducted where the datacollection consisted of observations with participants whohave visual impairments to varying degrees observed a mapcontaining real-time data. The observation was followed bysemi-structured interviews. Data were then analyzed using atheoretical framework based on factors that affect accessibilityin mobile maps. Data that could not be associated with theexisting factors were then analyzed thematically.The study shows that factors that affect the availability ofmaps are also significant when the map contains real-timedata. In addition, the study shows the importance of beingable to alter the appearance of the real-time data and howmuch and which real-time data is presented to users.

Object-oriented languages have made a shift towards incorporating functional concepts such as lambdas. Lambdas are anonymous functions that can be used within the scope of other functions. In C++ lambdas are considered difficult to use for inexperienced developers. This implies that there may be problems with lambdas in C++. However, studies about lambdas in C++ repositories are scarce, compared to other object-oriented languages such as Java. This study aims to address a knowledge gap regarding how lambdas are used by developers in C++ repositories. Furthermore, examine how developer experience and software engineering practices, such as unit testing and in-code documentation, correlates with the inclusion of lambdas. To achieve this we create a set of tools that statically analyse repositories to gather results. This study gained insight into the number of repositories utilising lambdas, their usage areas, and documentation but also how these findings compare to similar studies’ results in Java. Further, it is shown that unit testing and developer experience correlates with the usage of lambdas.

The Monte Carlo tree search-algorithm (MCTS) has been proven successful when applied to combinatorial games, a term applied to sequential games with perfect information. As the focus for MCTS has tended to lean towards combinatorial games, general MCTS-strategies for other types of board games are hard to find. On another front, board games under the name of “Eurogames” have become increasingly popular in the last decade. These games introduce yet another set of challenges for game-playing agents on top of what combinatorial games already offer.

Since its initial conception, a large number of enhancements to the MCTS-algorithm has been proposed. Seeing that eurogames share much of the same game-mechanics with each other, MCTS-enhancements proving effective for one game could potentially be aimed towards eurogames in general.

In this paper, alterations to the expansion phase, the playout phase and the backpropagation phase are made to the standard MCTS-algorithm for agents playing the game of Carcassonne. To detect how enhancements are affected by chance events, both a deterministic and a stochastic version of the game is examined. It can be concluded that a reward policy relying solely on in-game score outperforms the conventional wins-against-losses policy. Concerning playouts, the Early Playout Termination enhancement only yields better results when the number of MCTS-iterations are somewhat restricted. Lastly, delayed node expansion is shown to be preferable over that of conventional node expansion. None of the enhancements showed any increasing or declining performance with regard to chance events.

Additional experiments on other eurogames are needed to reaffirm any findings. Moreover, subsequent studies which introduce modifications to the examined enhancements is proposed as a measure to further increase agent performance.

Sentiment analysis is a form of Natural Language Processing (NPL) withthe purpose of deducting and extracting sentiment and emotions fromwritten text. The interest in sentiment analysis emerged at the turn of themillennium and has increased steadily since 2004. This might be due to awish to take advantage of the enormous amounts of data generated on theinternet, and social media in particular, every single day.The purpose of the study has been to examine how applications usingsentiment analysis might be able to help autistic people navigate theemotional content in written communication. A qualitative study has beenconducted to understand what types of needs autistic people might haveon this type of application, how it might work and what it might looklike. Data has been collected through semistructured interviews. The datahas then been processed with the help of deductive thematic analysis.The result of the study is that the respondents, autistic people, imaginethat they might be helped by an application of this kind and the study hasfurthermore started exploring what type of functionality and designaspects might be desirable and less desirable.

A subfield of artificial intelligence is that of natural language processing and sentiment analysis. The interest in sentiment analysis has increased with the development of the internet and web 2.0. With sentiment analysis it is possible to analyse the sentiment or emotions of written communication through dictionary-based sentiment analysis or machine learning algorithms. However, sentiment analysis also holds the potential of supporting people with disadvantages in interpreting the nuances in written communication. One such group is autistic people. The aim of the study is to examine autistic peoples’ perceptions of important design factors and functionality for an application with sentiment analysis to support emotional navigation in written communication. This study has been conducted with the first steps of design science to outline the requirements of a potential application that can support autistic people to navigate the emotions in written communication with sentiment analysis. The problem to be addressed was identified through related research and one of authors’ own experience of navigating written communications with autism. The requirements for the application were the main focus for this study and has been the primarily concern for data collection. Data have been collected through semi-structured interviews with autistic people and analysed with thematic analysis. Results of the study provide several important recommendations for the design of applications with sentiment analysis to support autistic people navigate the emotions in written communication. The study further provides an understanding of autistic peoples’ needs when navigating written communication. These findings can be used by researchers and developers to design support-applications with autistic peoples’ needs in the centre. An interesting next step of research would be to develop a prototype with the findings of this study addressed in the application’s functionality and design, which could then be evaluated on a larger scale.

Android developers often store relational data using databases. There are a couple of database frameworks from which an Android developer can choose. Application performance is often considered when developers choose libraries and frameworks for their applications. Unfortunately, there are limited studies that compare the performance of Android database frameworks. To address this problem, this study presents the results of a comparative analysis of the performance of two of the most popular SQLite-based frameworks, Room Persistence Library (Room) and greenDAO. Performance metrics were execution time for database create, read, update and delete (CRUD) operations, amount of RAM and CPU used by the device when performing the CRUD operations and the effect of the application size when using Room or greendAO. In order to find answers these, one application was designed and constructed in three versions. One version used greenDAO, the other used Room while a third which served as the base for comparison, used SQLite for data storage. The results suggests that, greenDAO performs better in all the database CRUD operations. Another finding is that the resulting application size was the same for both Room and greenDAO but were about 5% more than that for SQLite. Room performed particularly worse for database delete and update. This however could be explained by the fact that Room enforces database cascading which greenDAO does not. The results also suggests that application size does increases the memory usage. Future work should be done to compare relational models with database frameworks.

Visual Analytics is a powerful tool for decision makers to gather new insights from data. Since Visual Analytics can be hard to get into at first, previous studies have been conducted to bridge the gap between industry experts and these tools. However, few studies have examined the user’s needs regarding how Visual Analytics can generate these valuable insights. In order to examine these needs, the area selected was returns in E-commerce since the returns are devastating both to the companies and to society. The companies collect a lot of data as the goods get returned, which can be visualized. In order to highlight the e-tailer’s needs for visualization tools for their return data, a qualitative empirical study has been conducted. A prototype was developed in order to aid the semi-structured interviews visually. Six e-tailers was interviewed and got to test the prototype, in order to analyze their needs for visualization tools. The results shows that some graphic elements performed better than others, and that return data needs to be presented in comparison to sales data to be relevant. The study’s findings suggests that predefined graphs helped the E-tailers to get into the Visual Analytics mindset and may work as a way to introduce more users into the world of Visual Analytics.

Public procurement is described as trade in goods andservices by government agencies. Carrying out aprocurement of information systems according to atraditional purchasing process is challenging if the intendedsystem is extensive or complex, as many requirements andother documentation are needed for a supplier to be able tocarry out the assignment. This makes it challenging forsuppliers to deliver a product that meets the customer'sexpectations and is one of the reasons why many public ITprojects fail today.System development has been conducted as standardaccording to an agile development process for many years.To be able to apply the agile way of working in systemdevelopment work in the public sector, a new way ofprocuring is required. This is done by describing whichimpact goals the business wants the system to satisfy andthen sets requirements for the development team that willcarry out the work, instead of setting requirements for thesystem.The knowledge gap identified and which the study aimed toinvestigate was how agile development teams should beevaluated, so that it is ensured that the supplier who winsthe procurement is also the development team that candeliver the most cost-effective solution for the contractingauthority.A qualitative study has been carried out, which was basedon a literature review to map the current state of knowledgein the field and to create a theoretical basis to start from. Theempirical material has been collected by conducting eightsemi-structured interviews with respondents from thecustomer and supplier side in public procurement of agiledevelopment teams. The collected material has beenanalysed to map success factors in evaluating agiledevelopment teams in public procurement.The study resulted in five success factors that were identifiedas important to consider when evaluating agile developmentteams, these are clear impact goals, mature organization,competence in the agile working methods, evaluation of softfactors and a clear project plan. By identifying and ensuringthese factors during the evaluation phase in publicprocurement, the contracting authority can procure thesupplier that best meets their expectations.  

Regression testing is performed after existing source code has been modified to verify that no new faults have been introduced by the changes. Test case selection can be used to reduce the effort of regression testing by selecting a smaller subset of the test suite for later execution. Several criteria and objectives can be used as constraints that should be satisfied by the selection process. One common criteria is function coverage, which can be represented by a coverage matrix that maps test cases to methods under test. The process of generating and evaluating these matrices can be very time consuming for large matrices since their complexity increases exponentially with the number of tests included. To the best of our knowledge, no techniques for reducing execution matrix size have been proposed. This thesis develops a matrix-reduction technique based on analysis of call stack data. It studies the effects of limiting the call stack depth in terms of coverage accuracy, matrix size, and generation costs. Further, it uses a tool that can instrument Java projects using Java’s instrumentation API to collect coverage information on open-source Java projects for varying depth limits of the call stack. Our results show that the stack depth limit can be significantly reduced while retaining high coverage and that matrix size can be decreased by up to 50%. The metric we used to indicate the difficulty of splitting up the matrix closely resembled the curve for coverage. However, we did not see any significant differences in execution time for lower depth limits.

Since the purchase of Siri by Apple, and its release with the iPhone 4S in 2011, virtualassistants (VAs) have grown in number and popularity. The sophisticated natural language processingand speech recognition employed by VAs enables users to interact with them conversationally, almostas they would with another human. To service user voice requests, VAs transmit large amounts ofdata to their vendors; these data are processed and stored in the Cloud. The potential data securityand privacy issues involved in this process provided the motivation to examine the current state ofthe art in VA research. In this study, we identify peer-reviewed literature that focuses on securityand privacy concerns surrounding these assistants, including current trends in addressing how voiceassistants are vulnerable to malicious attacks and worries that the VA is recording without the user’sknowledge or consent. The findings show that not only are these worries manifold, but there is agap in the current state of the art, and no current literature reviews on the topic exist. This reviewsheds light on future research directions, such as providing solutions to perform voice authenticationwithout an external device, and the compliance of VAs with privacy regulations.

In the business world today, system development increasingly uses agile methods. For future system developers to get the most value from their education, universities have now started to use the same methods. This place demands on usability and user-friendliness in the project tools that the students use. To investigate how these project tools are experienced by students and how they support agile project methods, a qualitative action research was conducted. Five students with completed project work in an agile distributed system development course participated in a semi-structured interview. A content analysis was performed using Technology Acceptance Model 3 (TAM3). The results show that the students experienced shortcomings in certain areas in terms of both usability and ease of use. The study also shows that teachers have a direct impact on which project tools are used. Therefore, the project tools used should be carefully examined in terms of usability and ease of use before they are introduced to students. The study shows the importance of building up a habit and experience of the tools early in the education in order to increase students' perceived usability and ease of use.

The aim of this study is to explore whether trends in sustainability and digitalisation from the 1980s until today have left any significant practical or epistemological footprints on the quality management paradigm. The study design consists of a mixed-methods approach that applies a data-mining methodology and content analysis to the digital archives of eight scientific journals: six within the quality management (QM) domain and two with a focus on operations management (OM). The data set contains an unbroken time series of over 12,000 research paper abstracts, the first of them published in 1980, giving the study a coverage of almost 40 years. The findings show that sustainability came onto the scholarly scene in 1996 and has since become an increasingly popular research area. In regard to digitalisation, the story is quite different, as the concept is currently absent from the scholarly QM and OM literatures. However, a search for information technology (IT) and information systems (IS) revealed that these topics have been gaining attention since the 1980s. However, it was found that QM research only addresses one part of digitalisation, omitting several interesting dimensions. One example is that the QM and OM literatures address IS mainly in relation to standardised guidelines and business processes within organisations. At the same time, we found a handful of studies combining QM and topics related to modern digitisation, like social media. 

 Digital Nudging is about pushing users to more favorabledecisions by designing design elements that modify the decisionenvironment through subtle changes in design and presentation.Users' increased use of information systems in decision-makingsituations means that the design of the decision-makingenvironment is increasingly influenced by users' choices, forexample when purchasing in the ecommerce information system.Despite this, the user experience of Digital Nudging is a ratherunexplored area. The purpose of the study is to investigate the userexperience of Digital Nudging to create an understanding of howDigital Nudging's design can contribute to a better user experienceof IS. In the qualitative research approach chosen for the study, fivesemi-structured interviews were conducted where the interactionwith design elements was examined to answer the purpose of thestudy. The results of the study show that the user experience ispositively affected by Digital Nudging's design elements if theseare designed according to the user's individual preferences, if theyare clearly presented and if they preserve the user's freedom ofchoice. The study also shows that the user experience becamenegative when design elements were perceived as unclear,misleading and irrelevant. Finally, proposals are presented on howDigital Nudging's design elements can be designed.

Software performance is of interest to all who want to lower their hardware costs and provide services with speedy responses to users, to this end reactive programming can be employed. Therefore it is important to measure the performance of tools such as reactive frameworks and to compare and contrast them with each other in order to improve the development of these tools, and help provide developers with the information they need when searching for a reactive framework that suits their project. To achieve this the study will aim to indicate the reproducibility of the research on reactive framework performance conducted by Ponge et al. on three commonly used reactive frameworks. Further, a root cause analysis to identify the sources of the identified bottlenecks will be carried out and complemented by suggestions for improving the performance of those parts in the reactive frameworks that are causing performance issues. An analysis of how performance correlates with the cyclomatic complexity of the frameworks will also be presented. We find, that in some test cases, the performance of the frameworks differs depending on the machine used, and that the latest framework versions do not show a marked performance increase. Further, we discover hotspots in the Mutiny framework and reason about potential synchronization bottlenecks. We attempt to find a novel use case for cyclomatic complexity as an indicator for performance but find that no correlation exists between cyclomatic complexity and performance for reactive frameworks.

Purpose - This research aims to develop a user process framework with activities and their variations for the use of open government data (OGD) based on empirical material and previous research. Open government data (OGD) is interoperable data that is shared by public organisations (publishers) for anyone (users) to reuse without restrictions to create new digital products and services. The user process was roughly identified in previous research but lacks an in-depth description. This lack can hamper the ability to encourage the use and the development of related theories.

Design/methodology/approach - A three-stage research approach was used. Firstly, a tentative framework was created from previous research and empirical material. This stage involved three different literature reviews, data mapping, and seven interviews with OGD experts. The empirical material was analysed with inductive analysis, and previous research was integrated into the framework through concept mapping. Secondly, the tentative framework was reviewed by informed OGD experts. Thirdly, the framework was finalised with additional literature reviews, eight interviews with OGD users, and a member check, including all the respondents. The framework was used to guide the data collection and as a tool in the analysis.

Findings -The user process framework covers activities and related variations, where the included phases are: start, identify, acquire, enrich, and deploy. The start varies relating to the intended use of the OGD. In the identify phase, the user is exploring the accessible data to decide if the data is relevant. In the acquire phase, the user is preparing for the delivery of the data from the publisher and receiving it. In the enrich phase, the user is concocting and making something. In the final deploy phase, the user has a product or service that can be provided to end-users.

Research limitations/implications - The framework development has some limitations: the framework needs testing and development in different contexts and further verification. The implications are that the framework can help guide researchers towards relevantand essential data of the user process, be used as a point of compari-son in analysis, and be used as a skeleton for more precious theories.

Practical implications - The framework has some practical implications for users, publishers, and portals. It can introduce users to the user process and help them plan for the execution of it. The framework can help publishers understand how the users can work with their data and what can be expected of them. The framework can help portal owners to understand the portal's role between users and publishers and what functionality and features they can provide to support to the user.

Originality/value - In previous research, no user process with an in-depth description was identified. However, several studies have given a rough recall. Thus, this research provides an in-depth description of the user process with its variations. The framework can support practice and leads to new research avenues.

Information seekers can use products and services based onopen government data (OGD) to satisfy their information needs. Thesesolutions are provided by data transformers reusing OGD shared by publishers.OGD is believed to lead to several benets, such as transparencyand innovation. However, there is a noted lack of OGD use, and littleseems to be known about the need for OGD. Therefore, we developed atentative conceptual model, from which data transformers and publisherscan understand and consider the information needs of informationseekers. We used design science research to develop the model basedon previous research and empirical material from workshops. We conductedworkshops in Belgium with nine researchers and eleven studentsand presented the model at a Scandinavian e-government workshop. Thendings from the study show that information needs are complex andcan be challenging to capture, but are one possible way to understandhow the benets of OGD could be realized. One practical implication isthat publishers and data transformers should identify information needsin society, study existing solutions, and attempt to go beyond them withOGD. The synthesized theoretical implication is that information needsmight help to guide on the role of OGD in society.

More understanding is needed of how the visual design affects the user experience of trustworthiness in web design. Research has shown that the aesthetic part of web design is more important than previously thought and that more knowledge is needed in this area. The purpose of this study is therefore to investigate how the visual design affects the user’s experience of trustworthiness. This is to create an understanding of which parts of a websites visual appearance affect the users experience of trustworthiness more or less. This study was based on the Research Model (Figure 1) by Fasial et al. (2017), which was the result of a study that examined different kind of factors that affected trust, satisfaction and loyalty among website users. The Research model was in this study modified and supplemented with additional factors that were considered important based on what emerged regarding trustworthiness from previous research. Two different housing agency websites were studied as an attempt to capture the user’s true perception of trustworthiness, where a basis for credibility considered to be preconceived. As data collection, to capture conceivable situations, user tests were created with suitable scenarios in an attempt to capture possible situations and to get the flexibility required to capture user’s feelings and experiences. The analysis showed that the visual design evokes emotions such as frustration and that the web pages can be perceived cluttered due to the visual design. But the most important factors were the interaction and content parts of the website, where both housing agencies were less successful in this case. Although the findings show that the two websites in this study can improve their visual design within these parts – this study, as also previous research showed, that the factors in a way belong together and affect each other. Therefore, it is important to use the developed model as a tool to avoid missing important factors when creating/reviewing a website that may affect the user’s experience of trustworthiness

In this study, the stable and valid basis of two established theories, the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) and System Usability Scale (SUS), was used to form a new evaluation model named the USUTAM. This model can be used to evaluate both the perceived usability and the users’ acceptance of an information system. The first version of USUTAM was tested using interviews and then modified to USUTAM version 2. The second version of USUTAM has been reviewed by respondents to clear up any misunderstandings. After that, the USUTAM was generalized using the UTAUT and SUS. This generalization makes USUTAM suitable for multiple types of information systems in different types of organizations.

In programming, concurrency allows threads to share processing units interleaving and seemingly simultaneous to improve resource utilization and performance. Previous research has found that concurrency faults are hard to avoid, hard to find, often leading to undesired and unpredictable behavior. Further, with the growing availability of multi-core devices and adaptation of concurrency features in high-level languages, concurrency faults occur reportedly often, which is why countermeasures must be investigated to limit harm. Reactive programming provides an abstraction to simplify complex concurrent and asynchronous tasks through reactive language extensions such as the RxJava and Project Reactor libraries for Java. Still, blocking violations are possibly resulting in concurrency faults with no Java compiler warnings. BlockHound is a tool that detects incorrect blocking by wrapping the original code and intercepting blocking calls to provide appropriate runtime errors. In this study, we seek an understanding of how common blocking violations are and whether a tool such as BlockHound can give us insight into the root-causes to highlight them as pitfalls to developers. The investigated Softwares are Java-based open-source projects using reactive frameworks selected based on high star ratings and large fork quantities that indicate high adoption. We activated BlockHound in the project’s test-suites and analyzed log files for common patterns to reveal blocking violations in 7/29 investigated open-source projects with 5024 stars and 1437 forks. A small number of system calls could be identified as root-causes. We here present countermeasures that successfully removed the uncertainty of blocking violations. The code’s intentional logic was retained in all validated projects through passing unit-tests.

Swedish healthcare is facing a major challenge in the future caused byhigher needs for care, large staff redundancies and increased costs.Chronically ill people who belong to a large part of the care burden arealso expected to increase. To respond to the increased burden, severalcare units around Sweden have turned to the digitalsolution. Digital homemonitoring is a digital tool used in the care of the chronic illness. Thepurpose of this report is to investigate what experiences caregivers havewith digital home monitoring in the care of the chronically ill. The carework for the chronically ill is important because it affects the results of thechronically ill person's health condition. Data collection methods usedwere qualitative interviews with healthcare professionals and reportsfrom reliable sources. The theoretical framework is based on the theorymodel: The eHealth enhanced chronic care model (eCCM) which describesvarious components and how digital tools affect care for the chronicallyill.Results from the study show both positive and negative effectswhen using digital home monitoring. When there is a willingnessfrom patients to use the system, it contributes to a positive effect onthe state of health. Which lead to an indirectly increase of thecaregiver's experience of the tool. When a patient feels reluctant touse the system, the use has a negative effect on both the patientand the caregiver. Suggestions for further research are to dofurther research on digital home monitoring, but also focus on thenegative effects to find future solutions.

Previous research has shown that the reactive paradigm is suitable for programming by voice, due to its frequent use of expressions used in common English. However, the software used in the previous research (Talon) does not support reactive programming. To our knowledge, no other programming-by-voice software has built-in support for RxJava. The main focus of this study is the development and testing of a vocal programming environment that recognizes RxJava operators and commands. This is done by writing custom scripts that form a RxJava-adapter for a software called Serenade. The purpose of the adapter is to determine to what degree customization can improve the programming-by-voice experience, in terms of reduced cognitive and vocal load. The testing process also reveals challenges related to programming-by-voice in reactive Java, as well as challenges related to creating custom voice commands for Serenade. The results indicate that Serenade is superior to Talon, requiring on average 45\% fewer words to produce the same code. When the default version of Serenade is compared to the custom version with custom voice commands, the improvement is 19\%. The study also concludes that there are many challenges facing speech recognition when used in a programming environment. The custom script feature in Serenade, while still having some limitations, is advanced and allows the user to create complex custom voice commands.

This paper develops a model to support the optimal choice of an airport as a base for the flying vehicles that are operated to extinguish wildfires and forest fires. Based on experiences from the two largest wildfires in Swedish history, this study models the optimisation as a balanced transportation problem. In both cases, the model selected the airport that is closest to the fire area. If the capacity of the chosen airport was insufficient to host all of the flying vehicles, then the model added a second airport which is also nearby the wildfire area. The cases demonstrate that the total cost of the operation is lower when the extinguishing work is concentrated in an area that has a short distance between the airport and the fire, the fuel depots and the pilots’ accommodation. Improved access to relevant data in the context of crisis management by air could allow for the inclusion of additional parameters and correct data in the optimisation model, which could in turn provide more comprehensive decision-making support.

This study focuses on agile systems development teams which work remotely during the COVID pandemic. Purpose: To identify the missing topics in informal communication and the relationship between them and team collaboration. Method: Survey is used to collect nominal data, ordinal data and qualitative data of text. 101 people participated in the survey. Analysis: An independent T-test, Spearman's rank correlation and content analysis are conducted. Result: There is a lack of discussion topics on personal information (e.g. a deeper insight into a person’s private life), social conversations (e.g. greetings and questions about weekend plans), support (e.g. giving tips and asking for help) and complaints (e.g. frustration regarding work) when they are teleworking during the COVID pandemic. Conversational topics on personal information, social conversations, support and complaints have a weak positive association with teamwork. Topics on personal information and social conversations are more strongly associated with teamwork than topics on support and complaints. The most striking results are the lack of social conversations in the age group between 30 and 39 years and those whose years of experience are between one and three years. Discussion and Conclusion: It is possible that the magnitude of topic shortages changes depending on the age and years of experience of team members, which may be a factor in how well team collaboration works. It may also become a factor determining the quality of team collaboration that causes teams to take proactive steps to increase the amount of informal communication. This study proposes to increase the amount of topics of personal information and social conversations and take serious measures to increase the amount of social conversations if the team is based on many team members whose age is between 30 and 39 years and whose years of experience are between one and three years.