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Development and validation of dynamic bioenergetic model for intermittent ergometer cycling
Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Engineering, Mathematics, and Science Education (2023-). (Sports Tech Research Centre)ORCID iD: 0009-0004-5013-8400
Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Engineering, Mathematics, and Science Education (2023-). (Sports Tech Research Centre)
Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Engineering, Mathematics, and Science Education (2023-). (Sports Tech Research Centre)ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1324-9828
2023 (English)In: European Journal of Applied Physiology, ISSN 1439-6319, E-ISSN 1439-6327, Vol. 123, no 12, p. 2755-2770Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose

The aim of this study was to develop and validate a bioenergetic model describing the dynamic behavior of the alactic, lactic, and aerobic metabolic energy supply systems as well as different sources of the total metabolic energy demand.

Methods

The bioenergetic supply model consisted of terms for the alactic, lactic, and aerobic system metabolic rates while the demand model consisted of terms for the corresponding metabolic rates of principal cycling work, pulmonary ventilation, and accumulated metabolites. The bioenergetic model was formulated as a system of differential equations and model parameters were estimated by a non-linear grey-box approach, utilizing power output and aerobic metabolic rate (MRae) data from fourteen cyclists performing an experimental trial (P2) on a cycle ergometer. Validity was assessed by comparing model simulation and measurements on a similar follow-up experimental trial (P3).

Results

The root mean square error between modelled and measured MRae was 61.9 ± 7.9 W and 79.2 ± 30.5 W for P2 and P3, respectively. The corresponding mean absolute percentage error was 8.6 ± 1.5% and 10.6 ± 3.3% for P2 and P3, respectively.

Conclusion

The validation of the model showed excellent overall agreement between measured and modeled MRae during intermittent cycling by well-trained male cyclist. However, the standard deviation was 38.5% of the average root mean square error for P3, indicating not as good reliability.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature , 2023. Vol. 123, no 12, p. 2755-2770
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-48924DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05256-7ISI: 001017558600004Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85163024851OAI: oai:DiVA.org:miun-48924DiVA, id: diva2:1780621
Funder
Mid Sweden UniversitySwedish Agency for Economic and Regional Growth, 20202610European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), 20202610Available from: 2023-07-06 Created: 2023-07-06 Last updated: 2025-09-25Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Bioenergetic and Mechanical Modeling of Endurance Sports with Emphasis on Individualization
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Bioenergetic and Mechanical Modeling of Endurance Sports with Emphasis on Individualization
2023 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Endurance athletes strive to improve their race times by enhancing their physical abilities, techniques, tactics, and equipment. Numerical simulations can aid in this effort by enabling repeated testing under identical conditions, thus isolating the effect of a single variable of interest on race time. This thesis outlines the mechanical assumptions and mathematical formulations to conducting numerical simulations. Paper I exemplifies applications and limitations when using numerical simulations with a propulsive power model, by investigating the impact of dynamic friction on race times in cross-country skiing.

Further, the thesis introduces bioenergetic modeling as a possible method for more accurately modeling an athlete’s propulsive power. It provides an overview of existing bioenergetic models and describes a non-linear grey-box parameter estimation method for individualizing bioenergetic model formulations to reflect an individual athlete’s bioenergetic systems. In Paper II, an assessment of validation for two existing bioenergetic models is performed on an individual level when applied to simulated sprint time trials in cross-country skiing. The models show overall good agreement with measurement data but lack the ability to capture the dynamics of the human metabolic energy systems in more detail.

In Paper III, a new bioenergetic model is developed which describes the dynamic behavior of the metabolic energy supply systems and various sources of metabolic demand. The model is individualized and validated against intermittent cycling with varying power output. Although the model shows good agreement with measurements, it does not capture the details of the aerobic slow component and periods of recovery, indicating a need for continued development.

Abstract [sv]

Uthållighetsidrottare strävar efter att korta sina tävlingstider genom förbättrad fysisk förmåga, teknik, taktik och utrustning. Numeriska simuleringar kan hjälpa till i detta arbete genom att möjliggöra upprepade tester med identiska förhållanden där inverkan från en enskild variabel på tävlingstiden isoleras. Denna avhandling beskriver de mekaniska antaganden och matematiska formuleringar som krävs för att utföra numeriska simuleringar. Artikel I exemplifierar tillämpningar och begränsningar för simuleringar i kombination med en empirisk modell för framdrivande effekt genom att undersöka den dynamiska friktionens inverkan på tävlingstider i längdskidåkning.

Avhandlingen introducerar bioenergisk modellering som en möjlig metod för att mer exakt modellera en idrottares uteffekt. Vidare ges en översikt över befintliga bioenergiska modeller och en metod för att anpassa bioenergiska modeller till att återspegla en specifik idrottares metabola system. I Artikel II utförs en utvärdering av validiteten för två befintliga bioenergiska modeller på individnivå när de tillämpas på simulerade sprintlopp i längdskidåkning. Modellerna visar överlag god överensstämmelse med mätdata, men saknar förmågan att fånga detaljerna i de mänskliga metaboliska energisystemens dynamik.

I Artikel III utvecklas en ny bioenergisk modell som beskriver dynamiken hos de metabola energiförsörjningssystemen och flera processer som ger upphov till metabola krav. Modellen individanpassas och valideras mot intermittent cykling med varierande uteffekt. Modellen visar god överensstämmelse med mätdata, men lyckas inte fånga detaljerna i det aeroba systemet vid de högsta uteffekterna eller vid perioder av återhämtning, vilket motiverar fortsatt utveckling.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Östersund: Mid Sweden University, 2023. p. 44
Series
Mid Sweden University licentiate thesis, ISSN 1652-8948 ; 194
National Category
Other Engineering and Technologies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-47731 (URN)978-91-89786-04-2 (ISBN)
Presentation
2023-04-03, Q221, Akademigatan 1, Östersund, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Agency for Economic and Regional Growth, 20202610
Note

Vid tidpunkten för framläggningen av avhandlingen var följande delarbete opublicerat: delarbete 3 (inskickat).

At the time of the defence the following paper was unpublished: paper 3 (submitted).

Available from: 2023-03-17 Created: 2023-03-06 Last updated: 2025-09-25Bibliographically approved

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Lidar, JuliusAinegren, MatsSundström, David

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