Mid Sweden University

miun.sePublications
Operational message
There are currently operational disruptions. Troubleshooting is in progress.
Change search
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Climate mitigation forestry – temporal trade-offs
Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Ecotechnology and Suistainable Building Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7037-5348
Umeå universitet.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5634-8602
Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Natural Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7307-1940
2021 (English)In: Environmental Research Letters, E-ISSN 1748-9326, Vol. 16, no 11, article id 114037Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Sustainable development
Hållbar utveckling
Abstract [en]

The 1,5°C target for global warming calls for evaluating short-term (30-50 years) climate change mitigation with different forests usage. In the current scientific literature and in the public debate, there are contrasting views on how forests should be managed to maximize total climate benefit, including the use of products and changes in carbon pools. Three major factors influence the conclusions in different studies: (1) time horizon, (2) site productivity, (3) substitution calculations. Here we show the dependency among these factors by an analysis of four harvest scenarios: 95%, 60%, 40% and 0% of growth, which are compared to a business as usual scenario (80%). The analyses are made for five counties in Sweden, which covers a wide range in forest productivities, from 2.5 m3ha-1yr-1 (north) to 11.5 m3ha-1yr-1 (south).The results show:1. Reduced harvest levels provide increased climate benefits on short time scales (at least 50 years).2. Increased harvesting from current level is counterproductive on both short and long term.3. The potential effect on the carbon balance of a no-harvest scenario in the five counties, is larger (1,1-16 times) than the expected emissions from all other anthropogenic activities until 2045.4. Short-term climate benefits of reduced harvesting are largest in highly productive forests. Smaller but more long-lasting benefits can be obtained by aiming at harvest reductions in less productive forests.5. Strategies focused on short-term benefits need to be adapted to the future development of substitution factors and forest growth. If substitution effects become higher, increased harvest levels will be beneficial after 2050 in high productive forests. However, if future substitution effects decrease, which is a plausible and desired development, low harvest strategies are preferred in both short- and long-term time perspectives.We conclude that even moderate reductions of harvest levels would provide substantial climate benefits.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2021. Vol. 16, no 11, article id 114037
Keywords [en]
Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, General Environmental Science, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
National Category
Forest Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-43575DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ac30faISI: 000714436900001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85119679371OAI: oai:DiVA.org:miun-43575DiVA, id: diva2:1607651
Available from: 2021-11-01 Created: 2021-11-01 Last updated: 2025-09-25Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Fossil Free or Not - That is the Question
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Fossil Free or Not - That is the Question
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This is an evaluation of Jämtland County’s ability to achieve its climate targets to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions with 10% annually, and to become fossil fuel free 2030. There is a risk that the target to become fossil fuel-free, relying primarily on outtake of forest biomass, contradicts with the target in the UN Paris Agreement to keep the global temperature increase below 1.5°C. Neither the GHG emissions reduction target, nor the target to become fossil fuel free, takes forest carbon content into account. To reach the target to become fossil fuel free, forest harvest volumes may need to be increased. This can result in lower short-term net climate benefits than if fossil fuels are substituted to a less extent, and harvest volumes are kept at lower levels. Lower harvest volumes contribute to higher net climate benefits, and in the short term this effect is greater the lower the harvest level. In any case, forest production should be optimized towards products that give high substitution effects from the replacement of other materials. 

To be able to reach the short-term reductions of GHG emissions, efforts should be made to decrease regional energy demand and general consumption. The transition to new technologies is slow, and is unlikely to contribute to short-term reductions. By the end of 2023, according to the county strategy, the GHG emissions should be max 73% of the emissions by the end of 2019. This is a historically huge reduction. The potential to increase uptake of carbon dioxide in forests should be considered as a complement to the other climate targets.  

Assessments of social/welfare risks have to be weighed against the risks of increased temperatures, which is challenging, but needs to be done. The complexity of differences in short-term and long-term carbon balance effects makes risk assessments of climate mitigation strategies difficult. Compromises will be required between risks with different time horizons. To rely on techno-optimistic visions increase the risks that the emission reduction target will not be reached. From some perspectives, it is positive to spread techno-optimistic future visions, but there is a risk that we will keep on increasing consumption if we believe that problems with increased atmospheric concentrations of GHG can be solved by continuous consumption of ‘sustainable’ products. A simple 2% rule of thumb is that 2 kg of CO2eq is emitted for each 100 SEK consumed. 

Abstract [sv]

Denna avhandling är en utvärdering av Jämtlands läns möjligheter att nå sina klimatmål att reducera växthusgasemissioner med 10% årligen, och samtidigt blir fossilbränslefria 2030. Det föreligger en risk att det regionala målet att bli fossilbränslefritt, vilket delvis vilar på uttag av biomassa, motverkar temperaturmålet i FNs Parisavtal att hålla temperaturökningen under 1,5°C. Varken målet att årligen reducera växthusgasutsläppen eller målet att bli fossilfritt, tar hänsyn till hur kolbalansen ser ut i skogarna. Ett växthusgasreduktionsmål i kombination med målet att bli fossilbränslefri ökar sannolikheten att skogsskördarna ökar, vilket för Jämtland mest sannolikt resulterar i en negativ klimateffekt. Lägre skördevolymer ger på kort sikt stora klimatvinster även om substitutionseffekter inräknas. Oavsett skördenivå bör skördade volymer styras mot produkter som ger hög substitutionseffekt där andra material ersätts. 

För att snabbt nå minskade växthusgasutsläpp på 10% per år, bör man öka ansträngningarna att reducera samhällets allmänna energibehov och minska totalkonsumtionen. Införandet av nya teknologier går långsamt, och ger knappast några kortsiktiga effekter på utsläppen. Vid slutet av 2023 skall, enligt länsstrategin, växthusgasutsläppen vara max 73% av 2019 års nivå. Detta är en historiskt stor reduktion. Som ett komplement bör möjligheterna att öka det naturliga upptaget av koldioxid undersökas. 

Bedömningar av välfärdsrisker och riskerna med ökande temperaturer måste vägas mot varandra. Komplexiteten i skillnader i kortsiktiga och långsiktiga effekter på klimatet gör riskbedömningar av olika klimatstrategier svår. Kompromisser kommer krävas mellan risker med olika tidshorisonter. Att förlita sig på techno-optimistiska visioner vilka präglar alla Sveriges länsstrategier, innebär att man inför risker att utsläppsreduktionsmålet inte kommer nås. Techno- optimistiska framtidsvisioner har förvisso sina företräden men det finns en uppenbar risk att konsumtionsnivån fortsätter stiga om vi tror att problemet med den globala uppvärmningen har en snabb lösning i att vi blir fossilbränslefria och konsumtion sker av ”hållbara produkter”. En enkel ”2%-tumregel” är att för varje konsumerad 100-lapp, emitteras 2 kg koldioxid. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Östersund: Mid Sweden University, 2021. p. 42
Series
Mid Sweden University doctoral thesis, ISSN 1652-893X ; 356
Keywords
Fossil free, Carbon balance, Carbon flow, Energy flow, Climate mitigation, Governing climate change, Forest carbon
National Category
Climate Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-43591 (URN)978-91-89341-34-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2021-12-08, F229, Kunskapens väg 12, 831 40 Östersund, Östersund, 09:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Interreg Sweden-Norway, SMICE
Available from: 2021-11-03 Created: 2021-11-03 Last updated: 2025-09-25Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

No full text in DiVA

Other links

Publisher's full textScopus

Authority records

Skytt, TorbjörnEnglund, GöranJonsson, Bengt-Gunnar

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Skytt, TorbjörnEnglund, GöranJonsson, Bengt-Gunnar
By organisation
Department of Ecotechnology and Suistainable Building EngineeringDepartment of Natural Sciences
In the same journal
Environmental Research Letters
Forest Science

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar

doi
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

doi
urn-nbn
Total: 1169 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf