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Engineering Silicon Nanoparticle Anodes by Decoupling Precursor Generation and Deposition via a Two‐Pot Furnace Method
Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Engineering, Mathematics, and Science Education (2023-).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7324-9400
Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Engineering, Mathematics, and Science Education (2023-).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9570-8647
Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Engineering, Mathematics, and Science Education (2023-).ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9137-3440
Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Engineering, Mathematics, and Science Education (2023-).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4303-2585
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2025 (English)In: Nano Select, ISSN 2688-4011, Vol. 6, no 12, article id e70033Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Silicon materials are currently being explored for usage in lithium–ion battery anodes due to their high lithium storage capacity,but their practical application is hindered by severe volume expansion during cycling, leading to mechanical degradation andcapacity fading. This study introduces a novel two-pot method for synthesizing silicon nanoparticles (Si NPs) to address thesechallenges. The method decouples precursor decomposition and nanoparticles deposition enabling in situ growth of Si NPs onnanographite substrates. By replacing hazardous silane precursors with polyvinyl alcohol or hydrogen gas, we eliminate safetyrisks while simplifying production. Scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical characterization confirm uniform Si NPdeposition. The fabricated electrodes displayed stable electrochemical performance with a capacity of 503 mAh/g after 100 cyclesin a half-cell configuration. This approach offers a safe route for producing high-performance silicon-based anodes.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley , 2025. Vol. 6, no 12, article id e70033
Keywords [en]
Silicon nanoparticles, Lithium-ion batteries, Thermal synthesis, Scalable manufacturing, Anode materials.
National Category
Nanotechnology for Energy Applications
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-54734DOI: 10.1002/nano.70033ISI: 001513526300001OAI: oai:DiVA.org:miun-54734DiVA, id: diva2:1975562
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 2021‐002255The Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education (STINT), IB‐2022 9234Vinnova, 2020-00798European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)Available from: 2025-06-24 Created: 2025-06-24 Last updated: 2026-05-21Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. A Two-Pot Furnace Approach to Silicon Nanoparticle Graphite Composite Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Two-Pot Furnace Approach to Silicon Nanoparticle Graphite Composite Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Lithium-ion batteries are crucial for the transition to a sustainable energy society, powering everything from portable electronics to electric vehicles. To meet the ever-growing demand for higher energy density, silicon has emerged as one of the most promising alternative anode materials due to its exceptionally high theoretical capacity (up to 4200 mAhg⁻¹), which is nearly ten times that of conventional graphite anode. However, the massive volume expansion (~300–400%) of silicon during lithiation causes severe mechanical stress, particle pulverization, and rapid capacity fading, limiting its commercial viability. This thesis aims to develop safe, low-cost, and scalable silicon-based anode materials by engineering nanostructured silicon graphite composites and elucidating their fundamental growth mechanisms. This was achieved through a stepwise progression, beginning with a one-pot thermal synthesis of a highly stable silicon-nanographite aerogel (SNGA) composite, and advancing to a two-pot furnace method that decouples precursor generation from nanoparticle deposition. Morphological analysis revealed the in-situ growth of silicon nanoparticles directly onto nanographite flakes, effectively buffering volume expansion during cycling. To better understand and control this nanoparticle formation, a two-pot furnace method was developed, successfully decoupling precursor generation from nanoparticle deposition. This hydrogen-assisted approach eliminates the need for highly toxic precursor gases typical of Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD). By systematically investigating the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters, including temperature, gas flow rate, and dwell time the underlying growth mechanism was identified. Electrochemical evaluation of the resulting binder-free composite electrodes via cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling confirmed their structural integrity and electrochemical stability. The findings presented in this thesis offer a viable pathway for the production of silicon nanoparticle based high-capacity lithium-ion battery anodes.

Abstract [sv]

Litiumjonbatterier är avgörande för omställningen till ett hållbart energisamhälle och driver allt från bärbar elektronik till elfordon. För att möta den ständigt växande efterfrågan på högre energidensitet har kisel framträtt som ett av de mest lovande alternativa anodmaterialen på grund av dess exceptionellt höga teoretiska kapacitet (upp till 4200 mAh g⁻¹), vilket är nästan tio gånger högre än för konventionella grafitanoder. Emellertid orsakar den massiva volymexpansionen (~300–400%) hos kisel under litiering allvarliga mekaniska spänningar, partikelsönderdelning och snabb kapacitetsförlust, vilket begränsar dess kommersiella gångbarhet. Denna avhandling syftar till att utveckla säkra, kostnadseffektiva och skalbara kiselbaserade anodmaterial genom att konstruera nanostrukturerade kisel-grafitkompositer och klargöra deras grundläggande tillväxtmekanismer. Arbetet har fortskridit stegvis, med utgångspunkt i en termisk en-kärlssyntes (one-pot) av en mycket stabil kisel nanografit aerogelkomposit (SNGA). Morfologisk analys påvisade in situ-tillväxt av kiselnanopartiklar direkt på nanografitflak, vilket effektivt dämpar volymexpansionen under cykling. För att bättre förstå och kontrollera denna nanopartikel bildning utvecklades en två-kärls ugnsmetod (two-pot), som framgångsrikt separerade genereringen av prekursorer från deponeringen av nanopartiklar. Detta vätgasassisterade tillvägagångssätt eliminerar behovet av mycket giftiga prekursorgaser som annars är typiska för kemisk ångdeponering. Genom att systematiskt undersöka termodynamiska och kinetiska parametrar, inklusive temperatur, gasflödeshastighet och uppehållstid, kunde den bakomliggande tillväxtmekanismen identifieras. Elektrokemisk utvärdering av de resulterande bindemedelsfria kompositelektroderna och urladdningscykling bekräftade deras strukturella integritet och elektrokemiska stabilitet. De resultat som presenteras i denna avhandling erbjuder en framkomlig väg för produktion av högkapacitetsanoder för litiumjonbatterier baserade på kiselnanopartiklar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sundsvall: Mid Sweden University, 2026. p. 72
Series
Mid Sweden University doctoral thesis, ISSN 1652-893X ; 457
National Category
Composite Science and Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-57388 (URN)978-91-90017-86-9 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-06-12, O111, Holmgatan 10, Sundsvall, 08:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Vid tidpunkten för disputationen var följande delarbete opublicerat: delarbete 6 manuskript.

At the time of the doctoral defence the following paper was unpublished: paper 6 in manuscript.

Available from: 2026-05-21 Created: 2026-05-21 Last updated: 2026-05-21Bibliographically approved

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Patil, RohanPhadatare, ManishaHummelgård, MagnusBlomquist, NicklasOlin, HåkanBylund, DanBrandell, DanielÖrtegren, Jonas

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Patil, RohanPhadatare, ManishaHummelgård, MagnusBlomquist, NicklasOlin, HåkanBylund, DanBrandell, DanielÖrtegren, Jonas
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Department of Engineering, Mathematics, and Science Education (2023-)Department of Natural Science, Design, and Sustainable Development (2023-)
Nanotechnology for Energy Applications

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