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Long-Term Effects of a Web-Based Exercise Programme for People With Intellectual Disabilities
Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (HOV). (Swedish Winter Sport Research Centre)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8370-6732
Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (HOV). (Swedish Winter Sport Research Centre)
Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (HOV). (Swedish Winter Sport Research Centre)ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4433-1218
Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (HOV). Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. School of Sports Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
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2026 (English)In: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, ISSN 0964-2633, E-ISSN 1365-2788, Vol. 70, no 4, p. 417-426Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background

Physical activity is essential for preventing noncommunicable diseases and improving health parameters. However, individuals with intellectual disabilities often struggle to meet recommended activity levels. Sustainable solutions and long-term follow-up are crucial for evaluating intervention efficacy.

Methods

This mixed-method longitudinal follow-up study examines the effects and experiences of a 12-week web-based exercise programme on individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID). Body composition, physical activity levels and waist circumference were measured before and after the 12-week intervention period as well as 12 months after the end of the intervention period (i.e., long-term follow-up). Experiences were analysed using semistructured interviews. In the data analysis, repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni correction was utilised to investigate changes over time.

Results

No significant changes were observed after 12 months, but there were effects on postintervention compared with preintervention on waist circumference. Some participants reported experiencing health benefits, which contributed to motivation, while others lacked motivation and were unaware that they could continue to exercise.

Conclusions

While improvements were noted post-intervention, sustaining these gains proved challenging during long-term follow-up. This study highlights the potential of web-based exercise programmes to support individuals with ID in increasing physical activity levels. However, the findings also underscore the need for more tailored and sustainable interventions, including structured support and ongoing engagement strategies, to enable lasting health behaviour change over time.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2026. Vol. 70, no 4, p. 417-426
Keywords [en]
E-health, Digital tools, Intellectual disability, Physical activity, web-based exercise
National Category
Health Sciences Sport and Fitness Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-54153DOI: 10.1111/jir.70082PubMedID: 41549892Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105027904656OAI: oai:DiVA.org:miun-54153DiVA, id: diva2:1949263
Available from: 2025-04-02 Created: 2025-04-02 Last updated: 2026-03-05Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Empowering Physical Activity through eHealth: Web-Based Exercise for Older Adults and People with Intellectual Disabilities
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Empowering Physical Activity through eHealth: Web-Based Exercise for Older Adults and People with Intellectual Disabilities
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Background: Health inequalities impact older adults and individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) significantly, increasing their barriers to a healthy lifestyle. eHealth has emerged as a promising tool for addressing these public health challenges by facilitating greater access to interventions that promote physical activity. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are responsible for 71 percent of all global deaths, many of which are preventable through adherence to physical activity guidelines. As WHO identifies older adults and individuals with disabilities as priority groups for health interventions, this dissertation aims to assess whether web-based exercise can promote physical activity and health markers in these populations. Therefore, the aim of this dissertation was to evaluate the effectiveness, feasibility, and sustainability of web-based exercise interventions in target groups that rarely meet the recommended levels of physical activity: older adults and people with ID.

Method: This dissertation includes four studies, two with mixed method design, one with quantitative design and one with qualitative design. Study I evaluated the effectiveness and user experiences of an online resistance training program for older adults with pre- sarcopenia. Study II assessed the effects of a web-based exercise, designed for individuals with ID. Study III explored the experiences of support staff in assisting individuals with ID while participating in such a web-based exercise program. Study IV provided a long-term, 12-month, follow-up on Study II, assessing effects and experiences.

Results: Both web-based exercise programs achieved high adherence rates, with 80% in Study I and 83% in Study II. The exercise improved chair stand time (95% CI: 0.8–2.3, p < 0.001) and lean muscle mass i (95% CI: 0.06–0.72, p < 0.05) for older adults (Study I) and reduced fat mass (95% CI: 0.9-2.9, P < 0.001) and waist circumference (95% CI: 0.99-5.01, P = 0.009) for individuals with ID (Study II). Additionally, older adults reported feeling more active and noticing physical improvements (Study I). Feedback from support staff (Study III) underscored the importance of communication, structure, and motivation, within support teams, to foster physical activity. Study IV observed no sustained long-term effects, though some participants reported health benefits that motivated continued exercise, while others cited low motivation or lack of post-program support.

Conclusion: The conclusion from this dissertation was that a web-based program seems effective and feasible for older adults with pre-sarcopenia and adults with ID, short-term. Adaptability and accessibility were two crucial building blocks for successful implementation for these target groups. In addition, the support structure was of high importance, affecting long-term sustainability and requiring further investigation.

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund: Hälsoskillnader påverkar äldre vuxna och personer med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning (IF) i hög grad, vilket ökar utmaningarna för en hälsosam livsstil. eHälsa har visat sig vara ett lovande verktyg för att möta dessa folkhälsoutmaningar genom att underlätta tillgången till interventioner som främjar fysisk aktivitet. Icke-smittsamma sjukdomar står för 71 procent av alla globala dödsfall, varav många kan förebyggas genom att följa riktlinjer för fysisk aktivitet. Eftersom världshälsoorganisationen identifierar äldre vuxna och personer med funktionsnedsättningar som prioriterade grupper för hälsointerventioner, syftar denna avhandling till att undersöka om digital träning kan främja fysisk aktivitet och hälsomarkörer hos dessa grupper. Målet var därför att utvärdera effektiviteten, genomförbarheten och hållbarheten av webbaserade träningsinterventioner i målgrupper som sällan uppnår de rekommenderade nivåerna av fysisk aktivitet: äldre vuxna och personer med IF.

Metod: Avhandlingen omfattar fyra studier, två med en mixed- method-design, en med kvantitativ design och en med kvalitativ design. Studie I utvärderade effektiviteten och genomförbarheten av ett onlineprogram för styrketräning för äldre vuxna med pre- sarkopeni. Studie II utvärderade effekterna av ett webbaserat träningprogram, utformad för personer med IF. Studie III undersökte erfarenheterna hos stödpersonal som assisterar personer med IF vid deltagande i ett webbaserat träningsprogram. Studie IV utvärderade en 12-månaders långtidsuppföljning av Studie II och bedömde dess effekter och undersökte deltagarnas erfarenheter.

Resultat: Båda träningsprogrammen hade hög följsamhet, med 80 % i Studie I och 83 % i Studie II. Träningen förbättrade uppresningstid (95% KI: 0.8–2.3, p < 0.001) och muskelmassa (95% KI: 0.06–0.72, p < 0.05) för äldre vuxna (Studie I) samt minskade fettmassa (95% CI: 0.9-2.9, P < 0.001) och midjeomfång (95% CI: 0.99- 5.01, P = 0.009) för personer med IF (Studie II). Dessutom rapporterade äldre vuxna att de kände sig mer aktiva och märkte fysiska förbättringar (Studie I). Stödpersonalens feedback (Studie III) betonade vikten av kommunikation, struktur och motivation inom stödteam för att främja fysisk aktivitet. Studie IV visade inga långsiktiga effekter, även om vissa deltagare rapporterade hälsofördelar som motiverade fortsatt träning, medan andra nämnde låg motivation eller brist på stöd efter programmets slut.

Slutsats: Slutsatsen från denna avhandling var att ett webbaserat program verkar vara effektivt och genomförbart för äldre vuxna med pre-sarkopeni och vuxna med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning på kort sikt. Anpassningsmöjlighet och tillgänglighet var två avgörande byggstenar för en framgångsrik implementering för dessa målgrupper. Dessutom var stödstrukturen av stor betydelse, vilket påverkar långsiktig hållbarhet och kräver vidare undersökning.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sundsvall: Mid Sweden University, 2025. p. 89
Series
Mid Sweden University doctoral thesis, ISSN 1652-893X ; 427
Keywords
eHealth, Health equity, Intellectual disability, Older adults, Physical activity, Sarcopenia, Web-based exercise
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences Health Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-54155 (URN)978-91-90017-19-7 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-05-09, O212, Kunskapens väg 8, 831 25, Östersund, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Vid tidpunkten för disputationen var följande delarbete opublicerat: delarbete 4 inskickat.

At the time of the doctoral defence the following paper was unpublished: paper 4 submitted.

Available from: 2025-04-03 Created: 2025-04-02 Last updated: 2025-09-25Bibliographically approved

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Fjellström, SannaAndersson, Erik P.Nordström, AnnaHansen, ElisabethLund Ohlsson, Marie

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