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On Structural and Molecular Order in Cellulose Acetate Butyrate Films
Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Engineering, Mathematics, and Science Education (2023-).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8187-2681
Nouryon, 85467 Sundsvall, Sweden.
FibRe-Centre for Lignocellulose-Based Thermoplastics, Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Engineering, Mathematics, and Science Education (2023-).ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6270-2970
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2023 (English)In: Polymers, E-ISSN 2073-4360, Vol. 15, no 9, article id 2205Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) is a possible candidate, being a raw material derived from renewable resources, to replace fossil-based materials. This is due to its thermoplastic properties and the relative ease with which it could be implemented within the existing industry. With a significant amount of variation in CAB on the market today, a knowledge gap has been identified regarding the understanding of the polymer structural arrangement in films. This relates to the underlying mechanisms that regulate CAB film material properties, insights that are important in product development. In this study, commercially available CAB was investigated with XRD, SEM, AFM, and TOPEM DSC in order to obtain physicochemical information related to its micro-structural features in solvent-cast films. The film-forming ability relates mostly to the number of hydroxyl groups, and the semi-crystallinity of the films depends on the type and position of the side groups along the cellulose backbone. The appearance of signs of possible cholesteric ordering in the films could be connected to higher amounts of hydroxyl groups along the backbone that disturb the helix arrangement, while the overall order was primarily related to the butyrate substitution and secondarily related to the molecular weight of the particular CAB studied. Cold crystallization was also observed in one CAB sample.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2023. Vol. 15, no 9, article id 2205
Keywords [en]
cellulose acetate butyrate, cholesteric ordering, TOPEM DSC, crystallinity, film, commercial
National Category
Natural Sciences Polymer Chemistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-48347DOI: 10.3390/polym15092205ISI: 000987313100001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85159267385OAI: oai:DiVA.org:miun-48347DiVA, id: diva2:1758440
Available from: 2023-05-22 Created: 2023-05-22 Last updated: 2025-09-25Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Structural impact on some physical properties of cellulose-based films
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Structural impact on some physical properties of cellulose-based films
2023 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Cellulose is a natural material that can be used both in its original form and as a building block for creating new types of materials. This work focused on regenerated cellulose (RC) and cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) in which the hydroxyls on the cellulose backbone were substituted with ester groups. In this work both RC and CAB were formed as free-standing films via initial dissolution and characterized with respect to their structural and morphological aspects, as well as some other material properties. Cellulose pulp was dissolved in cold aqueous alkali urea solution and regenerated in either alcohols or esters to form RC films. Variations of commercially available CAB were dissolved in acetone and solvent cast to form CAB films.This work strove to understand the structural relations of cellulose-based films, the fundamental principles of these materials and how they affect the material properties. This work examined the effect of the polarity of the regeneration liquid on the crystallinity and on other material properties of dried RC films (Papers I and III). This work also investigated the variation in degree of substitution of butyrate and the variation in molecular weight of commercially available CAB and how those could affect the microstructural order of a solvent cast film to the degree that a measurable change in material properties could be observed (Paper II). This was done via structural analysisusing solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ss-NMR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TOPEM DSC), on RC and CAB films. The qualitative concept of “film formability” was used in this work to determine the practical film properties (related to the ease of handling a film) based on subjective observations.Both the RC films and the CAB films were transparent, with some variations. The CAB films were more fragile than the RC films, even when theCAB films were almost triple the RC films’ thickness. The RC films could be bent considerably, even sharply folded, whereas the CAB films were only slightly bendable before they snapped.The crystallinity of the RC films varied with the regeneration liquid used,and an increase in crystallinity was observed in the following order: EtOH <n-PrOH < MeAc < EtFm. By controlling the crystallinity of the RC films, some material properties could be tuned accordingly, and in that the advantages of the material can be predicted and used to their fullest. For the CAB films, boththeir crystallinity and microstructural order increased with increasing molecular weight and increasing number of hydroxyl groups along the iibackbone. The microstructural order of the films could be tailored accordingly, although less clearly than for the RC films.By using cellulose-based polymers in a film-making process, the ease withwhich the material can be handled could be investigated and informationvaluable for product development could be obtained. This thesis advances our knowledge of the variations in properties caused by structural elementsin cellulose-based films.

Abstract [sv]

Cellulosa är ett naturligt material som kan användas både som det är och som en byggsten för nya, helt andra typer av material. Det här arbetet fokuserade på regenererad cellulosa (RC), och cellulosa acetat butyrat (CAB), där cellulosan agerar som ryggrad där hydroxylgrupperna delvis är substituerade med estergrupper. Både RC och CAB är i det här arbetet efter upplösning formade som tunna filmer, och analyserade med avseende på strukturella och morfologiska aspekter samt materialegenskaper. Cellulosamassa löstes upp med kall vattenbaserad alkalisk urealösning och regenererades med antingen etanol, normal propanol, metylacetat eller etylformat för att forma RC-filmer. Olika varianter av kommersiellt tillgängliga CAB löstes upp i aceton och gjöts för att forma CAB-filmer. Det här arbetet syftade till att förstå strukturen i cellulosabaserade filmer, de fundamentala principerna kring materialet och hur de påverkar materialegenskaperna. Effekten av regenereringsvätskans polaritet på kristalliniteten och andra materialegenskaper på torkade RC-filmer studerades (Artikel I och III). I arbetet undersöktes också hur variationen i grad av butyratsubstitution och variation av molekylvikt för kommersiellt tillgängliga CAB påverkade den strukturella ordningen i lösningsmedelsgjutna filmer, till den grad att en märkbar skillnad i materialegenskaper kunde observeras (Artikel II). Det är gjort genom analyser av filmerna med fastfas kärnmagnetisk resonans (ss-NMR), röntgendiffraktion (XRD) och temperaturmodifierad differentiell svepkalorimetri (TOPEM DSC) på RC- och CAB-filmer. En kvalitativ term ”Filmformbarhet” användes i arbetet för att avgöra de praktiska filmegenskaperna (som relaterar till hur lätthanterlig filmen var) med subjektiva observationer. Både RC-filmer och CAB-filmer var transparenta, med lite variation. CABfilmerna var skörare än RC-filmerna, även om de förstnämnda var nästan tre gånger tjockare. RC-filmerna kunde böjas och till och med vikas skarpt, medan CAB-filmerna bara var något böjbara innan de sprack, med stor variation beroende på vilken CAB som användes. Kristalliniteten hos RC-filmerna varierade med regenereringsvätskan och en ökande kristallinitet observerades i följande ordning: EtOH<nPrOH<MeAc<EtFm. Genom att styra kristalliniteten hos RC-filmerna kunde även några materialegenskaper varieras, och med det kunde fördelarna med materialet förutses och utnyttjas till fullo. För CAB-filmerna kunde både kristalliniteten och mikrostrukturordningen ökas med ökad molekylvikt och ökat antal hydroxylgrupper längs polymerens ryggrad, och ordningen i filmerna kunde därmed skräddarsys efter önskemål, även om det gav mindre effekt än vad det gjorde för RC-filmerna. Genom att använda cellulosa-baserade polymerer som material i filmtillverkning kunde hanterbarheten av materialen undersökas, och information som är värdefull för produktutveckling kunde hittas. Därför bidrar den här avhandlingen med kunskap kring egenskapsvariationers beroende av strukturella element i cellulosabaserade filmer.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sundsvall: Mid Sweden University, 2023. p. 40
Series
Mid Sweden University licentiate thesis, ISSN 1652-8948 ; 196
National Category
Polymer Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-48348 (URN)978-91-89786-17-2 (ISBN)
Presentation
2023-06-09, C306, Holmgatan 10, Sundsvall, 10:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Knowledge Foundation
Note

Vid tidpunkten för framläggningen av avhandlingen var följande delarbete opublicerat: delarbete 3 (inskickat).

At the time of the defence the following paper was unpublished: paper 3 (submitted).

Available from: 2023-05-23 Created: 2023-05-22 Last updated: 2025-09-25Bibliographically approved

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Nejström, MalinEivazihollagh, AlirezaSvanedal, IdaEdlund, HåkanNorgren, Magnus

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