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In the mind of the property appraiser: Studies of commercial property valuation
Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Economics, Geography, Law and Tourism. (Centrum för forskning om ekonomiska relationer (CER))ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7763-0391
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Fastighetsvärderares tankemönster : Studier av kommersiella fastighetsvärderingar (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

A transparent market provides participants with as much information as possible. In Sweden, where the environment of commercial properties is highly transparent various actors still need to minimise some continuing information asymmetry, and one possibility is to hire property appraisers.

Transparent commercial property markets are often regulated by governments and professional institutions. The combination of regulation and socialisation through memberships in professional associations and shared educational backgrounds, training, work experience, and institutional frameworks serve to produce and reproduce professional values and identities. The overall aim of this thesis is to describe and analyse the Swedish profession of property appraisers as expressed through members’ perceptions and use of various standards and methods, ways of gathering information gathering, assessments of value-influencing factors, and their confidence in their own assessments when valuing commercial properties.

The repertory grid technique was used to collect and analyse empirical data and to map the thought patterns of respondents in two main samples. The repertory grid interviews in 2010/2011 included about half of the appraisers in Sweden (67 of 138), and in 2015 just over half (81 of 145).

This thesis concludes that Swedish authorised property appraisers use country dependent valuation standards and methods, but there are signs of their increased adoption internationally. Swedish appraisers gather and assess information in a similar way. Their aggregated thought patterns demonstrate relatively strong homogeneity and moderate complexity. However, the findings also reveal that appraisers’ thought patterns differ depending on the university from which they graduated. The appraisers graduated from the highest ranked university simplify their valuation judgements more than do other appraisers.

During the valuation process, property appraisers gather and assess a large amount of information considered relevant for estimations of a property object’s market value. Four types of information (local environment, location, rental income, and discount rate) seem to have the greatest impact on the estimated market value. 

The appraisers further perceive that these information types is common in that the decisions in the information gathering stage is critical to the entire valuation process when using clients as information sources. This seems to affect their perceived confidence at the assessment stage and, in turn, the final estimated market value. In situations where the appraisers have low confidence, they are left dependent on the clients, which risks reducing their independence. 

Abstract [sv]

En transparent marknad innebär att alla aktörer kan ta del av så mycket information som möjligt. I en internationell jämförelse kan fastighetsmarknaden i Sverige beskrivas som transparent, men trots det finns en informationsasymmetri. Aktörerna behöver därför minimera upplevda informationsunderlägen exempelvis genom att anlita professionella fastighetsvärderare. Transparenta kommersiella fastighets­marknader regleras normalt av såväl statlig lagstiftning som professionella institutioner och i denna avhandling fokuseras auktoriserade fastighetsvärderare, vilka ingår i en gemensam yrkes­sammanslutning. Delad yrkesutbildning, arbetslivserfarenhet och ett gemensamt institutionellt ramverk förväntas leda till professionell socialisering.

Avhandlingens övergripande syfte är att beskriva och analysera svenska auktoriserade fastighetsvärderares uppfattningar om standarder och metoder, informationsinhämtning och bedömningar av värde­påverkande faktorer kopplat till värderingsprocessen för kommersiella fastigheter. Utifrån avhandlingens övergripande syfte har de fyra ingående studierna specifika inriktningar. 

För att kartlägga fastighetsvärderarnas tankemönster användes grid­tekniken (the repertory grid teknique) som huvudmetod för att samla in och analysera empirisk data. Intervjuer gjordes med cirka hälften av de värderare som var verksamma år 2010/2011 (67 av 138) och drygt hälften av värderarna år 2015 (81 av 145).

Slutsatsen är att svenska auktoriserade fastighetsvärderare använder sig av inhemska värderingsstandarder och metoder, men det finns samtidigt tecken på en ökad internationell anpassning. De svenska fastighetsvärderana samlar in och bedömer information på ett likartat sätt. Det aggregerade tankemönstret är således relativt homogent samtidigt som det uppvisar en komplexitet med flera dimensioner. Resultaten visar emellertid också att fastighetsvärderarnas tankemönster skiljer sig åt beroende på vilket universitet de tog examen från. De fastighetsvärderare som är utexaminerade från det mest traditionsrika svenska universitetet inom fastighetsvärderingsområdet förenklar sina värderingsbedömningar mer än vad fastighetsvärderare utbildade vid andra svenska universitetet gör och har därmed ett mindre komplext tankemönster på aggregerad nivå.

Under värderingsprocessen samlar fastighetsvärdarna in och bedömer en stor mängd information som anses relevant för att uppskatta ett fastighetsobjekts marknadsvärde. Resultaten visar att fyra typer av information (närmiljö, läge, hyresintäkter och diskonteringsränta) har störst inverkan på det uppskattade marknadsvärdet. 

Fastighetsvärderarna uppfattar vidare att den information som samlas in är avgörande för den fortsatta värderingsprocessen, i synnerhet när de som beställer värderingarna (fastighetsägarnas klienter) också lämnar ut värdepåverkande information. Typen av information tycks även inverka på värderarnas självförtroende när de analyserar informationen, vilket i sin tur påverkar bedömningen av marknadsvärdet. I situationer där fastighetsvärderarna har lågt självförtroende är de ofta beroende av information från klienterna, vilket riskerar att nagga värderarnas oberoende i kanten.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sundsvall: Mid Sweden University , 2022. , p. 146
Series
Mid Sweden University doctoral thesis, ISSN 1652-893X ; 362
Keywords [en]
Behavioural property research, education, information, profession, property appraisers, standards and methods, the repertory grid technique, valuation process
Keywords [sv]
Fastighetsbeteendeforskning, fastighetsvärderare, gridteknik, information, profession, standarder och metoder, utbildning, värderingsprocessen
National Category
Economics and Business
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-44026ISBN: 978-91-89341-44-9 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:miun-44026DiVA, id: diva2:1625578
Public defence
2022-02-11, C312, Campus Sundsvall, Sundsvall, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2022-01-10 Created: 2022-01-08 Last updated: 2025-09-25Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Valuation standards and methods: Are Sweden’s(still) different?
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Valuation standards and methods: Are Sweden’s(still) different?
2019 (English)In: Journal of European Real Estate Research, ISSN 1753-9269, E-ISSN 1753-9277, Vol. 12, no 1, p. 79-96Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to describe and analyse the methods and standards of valuation used by Swedish professional property valuers when appraising commercial properties and factors affecting those standards. The study builds on a 2002 comparative study of valuers in four European countries by McParland et al. (2002), but focuses specifically on property valuers in Sweden.

Design/methodology/approach – In 2010-2011, a questionnaire was used in face-to-face interviews with about half of the authorised property valuers in Sweden. Another questionnaire was emailed to all authorised property valuers in Sweden 2015 and again about half participated.

Findings – Analysis of the results shows some new trends in used and preferred standards and methods. Although Swedish valuers still rely mainly on local guidelines, they now increasingly use international standards and company guidelines, which may indicate a growing, if indirect, form of internationalisation. Swedish valuers still use discounted cash flow as their primary method, but their use of comparative methods has increased.

Originality/value – The data in this comparative study of valuation standards and methods over time used were collected from a specific group of property valuers authorised through the professional Swedish organisation Samhällsbyggarna (Swedish Professionals for the Built Environment), which contributes to an insight in the presiding of the harmonisation of valuation methods and standards.

Keywords
Sweden, Valuation methods, Commercial properties, Authorized property
National Category
Economics and Business
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-35220 (URN)10.1108/JERER-04-2018-0020 (DOI)000466746600004 ()2-s2.0-85058163874 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2018-12-14 Created: 2018-12-14 Last updated: 2025-09-25Bibliographically approved
2. Authorised property appraisers’ perceptions of commercial property valuation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Authorised property appraisers’ perceptions of commercial property valuation
2016 (English)In: Journal of Property Investment & Finance, ISSN 1463-578X, E-ISSN 1470-2002, Vol. 34, no 3, p. 225-248Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyze the thought patterns of authorized property appraisers (APAs) when valuing commercial properties, and draw conclusions about their collective thinking in terms of content, complexity, and homogeneity. Design/methodology/approach – A standard set of value-adding factors and bipolar constructs was included in a grid form used for data collection. The repertory grid technique and principal component analysis were used to map and analyze the thought patterns of nearly half of the APAs in Sweden. Findings – Analysis of the mean grid for all respondents revealed three dimensions in the aggregated APA thought pattern: property object – property market focus, abstract – specific information, and expert – superficial assessments. The aggregated thought pattern was found to be moderately complex, and the APAs demonstrated relatively strong homogeneity in their thought patterns. Practical implications – Based on the moderate complexity and relatively strong homogeneity in respondent thought patterns, this study discusses the upcoming establishment of a profession. Originality/value – To the authors’ best knowledge, this is the first study using the repertory grid technique to map and analyze APA thought patterns at an aggregated level.

Keywords
Authorized property appraisers, commercial properties, repertory grid technique, thought patterns, valuation judgments, value-adding factors
National Category
Business Administration
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-27330 (URN)10.1108/JPIF-08-2015-0061 (DOI)000374164500003 ()2-s2.0-84961669821 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2016-03-23 Created: 2016-03-23 Last updated: 2025-09-25Bibliographically approved
3. How Does Education from a High-Status University Affect Professional Property Appraisers' Valuation Judgments?
Open this publication in new window or tab >>How Does Education from a High-Status University Affect Professional Property Appraisers' Valuation Judgments?
2016 (English)In: Journal of Real Estate Practice and Education, ISSN 1521-4842, Vol. 19, no 2, p. 99-124Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The repertory grid technique is used to investigate professional property appraisers' thought patterns, and these patterns' complexity, with respect to the universities from which the appraisers graduated. Nearly half of Sweden's 138 authorized property appraisers participated in the study. The results indicate that the appraisers graduating from the university with the longest tradition of property education and ranked highest among the universities offering such education in Sweden have less complex thought patterns than do those graduating from other Swedish universities. This indicates that appraisers graduating from the highest ranked university simplify their valuation judgments more than do other appraisers.

Keywords
Commercial properties, Complexity theory, Education, Professional property appraisers, Repertory grid technique, Thought pattern, Valuation judgments, Kommersiella fastigheter, Komplexitetsteori, Utbildning, Fastighetsvärderare, Tankemönster, Värdering
National Category
Economics and Business
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-30440 (URN)2-s2.0-85018212968 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2017-03-08 Created: 2017-03-08 Last updated: 2025-09-25Bibliographically approved
4. High-impact information types on market value: Property appraisers’ information sources and assessment confidence
Open this publication in new window or tab >>High-impact information types on market value: Property appraisers’ information sources and assessment confidence
2018 (English)In: Journal of Property Research, ISSN 0959-9916, E-ISSN 1466-4453, Vol. 35, no 2, p. 139-163Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This explanatory paper describes and analyses which types of information professional property appraisers perceive to have the most impact on a commercial property’s estimated market value, which information sources they primarily use, and how reliable they perceive the information sources to be. The paper also investigates whether appraisers’ perceptions differ depending on the location of the business. A sample of 67 authorised property appraisers in Sweden was surveyed using the repertory grid technique as a questionnaire tool (to investigate unconscious behaviour), and non-parametric statistics. Analyses of the data show that four types of information have the greatest impact on estimated market value: the local environment and location are perceived as reliable, and property appraisers have confidence in those assessments; rental income seems problematic, because the property owner is the major source of information; and property appraisers are not confident in assessments based on discount rates. This pattern holds for various geographical locations.

High-impact information types on market value: Property appraisers’ information sources and assessment confidence

Keywords
assessment of information, behavioural research, commercial properties, information sources, property appraisers
National Category
Economics and Business
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-33115 (URN)10.1080/09599916.2018.1443152 (DOI)000438450200003 ()2-s2.0-85042941709 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2018-02-28 Created: 2018-02-28 Last updated: 2025-09-25Bibliographically approved

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Bellman, Lina

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