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Natural browsing repellent to protect Scots pine Pinus sylvestris from European moose Alces alces
Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Natural Sciences.
Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Chemical Engineering.
Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Natural Sciences. SLU.
2020 (English)In: Forest Ecology and Management, ISSN 0378-1127, E-ISSN 1872-7042, Vol. 474, article id 118347Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A major problem within forestry is winter browsing on young Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) by European moose (Alces alces). Moose are selective foragers and make foraging decisions on many scales, for example, they avoid trees with high levels of plant defensive compounds, which reduce digestibility. Bark extract from Norway spruce (Picea abies) is known to have high levels of such defensive compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Norway spruce bark extract as a repellent to European moose. Spruce bark was extracted in a conventional way with ethanol as the solvent, creating a solution that was applied to the apical leader of young pine trees in planted forests. In two field trials in northern Sweden (winter 2017–2018 and winter 2018–2019), the apical leader of young pine trees (height 1–2.5 m) were sprayed with bark extract from Norway spruce. A total of 5247 pine trees were included in the study. The field trials showed that spruce bark extract lowered the number of browsed apical leader of pine trees, and directed moose to browse less valuable lateral shoots, and neighboring trees. During the first field trial, apical leaders were treated every second meter along transects with a concentration of the spruce bark extract of 2.8% by dry weight. The level of browsed apical leaders changed from 15.1% to 6.8% of all apical leaders. During the second field trial, apical leaders were treated in circular plots, in which all main stems inside the circle were treated with a concentration of the spruce bark extract of 5.0% by dry weight. The level of browsed apical leaders changed from 19.5% to 4.7% of all apical leaders. Hence, results show that spruce bark extract (a non-toxic forest byproduct) can function as an efficient repellent. The bark extract can control browsing to a level that is considered acceptable – generally a maximum of 5% of all apical leaders browsed every year. This would result in approximately 7 out of 10 trees, in treated small scale areas, having unbrowsed apical leaders when the trees reach a height at which the apical leaders are safe from moose browsing. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2020. Vol. 474, article id 118347
Keywords [en]
Forestry, Moose browsing, Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, Plant Defense, Repellent
National Category
Forest Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-39630DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118347ISI: 000578989200018Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85087276622OAI: oai:DiVA.org:miun-39630DiVA, id: diva2:1458833
Available from: 2020-08-18 Created: 2020-08-18 Last updated: 2025-09-25
In thesis
1. Increased resilience in managed boreal forests: Controlling damage by spruce bark beetle and moose in Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Increased resilience in managed boreal forests: Controlling damage by spruce bark beetle and moose in Sweden
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Most of the forests growing in Europe today have been planted, or heavily affected, by humans. This is because the forest industry provides crucial raw materials for diverse products, including timber, pulp and paper, cellulose-based substances and renewable energy sources. However, forest management has turned heterogenic natural forests into homogenous forest stands that are highly susceptible to various kinds of damage. 

This thesis focuses on moose (Alces alces L.) browsing and attacks by spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus L.), both of which cause large economic losses. Empirically, it is based on field experiments conducted in managed forests in Sweden. 

Moose browsing on vulnerable top shoots of young pines during wintertime is a substantial problem in northern Europe. My colleagues and I (hereafter we) found that extracts of spruce trees (which moose prefer less than pine) can act as efficient natural browsing repellents.

Spruce bark beetles attack spruce (Picea abies) trees throughout Europe. Thus, we also evaluated the field behavior of the beetles exposed to non-host- and fungal volatiles in efforts to identify more efficient ways to protect susceptible spruce stands. In addition, we evaluated the predator:prey ratio between the beetles and Thanasimus predators in representative forest stands, to assist efforts to enhance the biological control of spruce bark beetles in managed forests. Finally, we investigated changes in bacterial communities in wood after attacks by spruce bark beetles to improve knowledge of their ecology.

Changes in forest management regime are needed to increase structural and tree species diversity, and thus raise forests’ resilience and ability to cope with ongoing climate change. Results presented in this thesis indicate that changing forest management to increase the variation in tree species variation will enhance the resilience of managed forests, thereby reducing damaging by both moose and spruce bark beetle.

Abstract [sv]

Majoriteten av de skogar som växer i Europa idag är planterade, eller kraftigt påverkade, av människan. Skogsindustrin förser samhället med värdefulla trävaror, papper, massa, bioenergi och råvaror för förnyelsebara alternativ till fossil plast. Samtidigt har skogsindustrin omvandlat heterogena naturskogar till homogena produktionsskogar som är känsliga för skador och storskaliga störningar.

Denna avhandling fokuserar på skador av älgbete (Alces alces L.) och granbarkborre (Ips typographus L.) vilka båda orsakar stora ekonomiska kostnader. Resultatet är baserat på fältförsök i produktionsskog i Sverige.

Älgbete på toppskott av ung tall under vintern är ett stort problem i norra Europa. Denna avhandling visar att extrakt från gran, som är ett trädslag älgar helst undviker, fungerar som ett naturligt och effektivt älgbetesskydd.

Granbarkborrar skadar äldre granar (Picea abies) i hela Europa. Vi har utvecklat doftämnen från andra träd och blånadssvampar med målet att på ett effektivare sätt kunna skydda känsliga bestånd. Vi har också utvärderat om skogsskötsel kan gynna granbarkborrens naturliga fiender genom att jämföra kvoten Myrbagge:granbarkborre i olika bestånd. Till sist har vi också analyserat hur bakteriefloran i granved förändras efter angrepp av granbarkborrar vilket är en viktig pusselbit i en förbättrad kunskap om granbarkborrens ekologi.

Skogsskötseln behöver fokusera mer på ökad diversitet och därmed en ökad resiliens för att klara skogsproduktion i ett föränderligt klimat. Träprodukter, kolinlagring och sociala värden är alla viktiga och det finns ett stort behov av att minska skogsskadorna för att dessa värden skall kunna uppnås även i framtiden. Resultaten pekar på att en mer varierad trädslagsblandning kan öka motståndskraften och minska skadorna av både älg och granbarkborrar i produktionsskog i Sverige.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sundsvall: Mid Sweden University, 2022. p. 104
Series
Mid Sweden University doctoral thesis, ISSN 1652-893X ; 378
National Category
Forest Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-46359 (URN)978-91-89341-80-7 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-12-02, C310, Holmgatan 10, SE-851 70 Sundsvall, Sundsvall, 10:15 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Region Västernorrland, 17RS484Region Jämtland Härjedalen, RUN/94/2017Swedish Agency for Economic and Regional Growth, 20201370
Note

Vid tidpunkten för framläggandet av avhandlingen var följande delarbeten opublicerade: delarbete III, IV, V.

At the time of the PhD defence the following papers were unpublished: paper III,IV,V.

Available from: 2022-11-01 Created: 2022-11-01 Last updated: 2025-09-25Bibliographically approved

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Lindmark, MatildaSunnerheim, KerstinJonsson, Bengt-Gunnar

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