Mid Sweden University

This study shows that the liquid water content (LWC) and the median volume diameter (MVD) can be derived from images of water droplets using a shadowgraph imaging system with incoherent LED illumination.

Icing on structures such as a wind turbine is the result of a combination of LWC and MVD and other parameters like temperature, humidity and wind speed. Today, LWC and MVD are not commonly measured for wind turbines. Systems for measuring these properties are often expensive or impractical in terms of location or remote reading. The aim of this study is to gain knowledge about how to design a single instrument based on imaging that has the ability to measure these properties with enough precision and accuracy to detect icing conditions for wind turbines.

A method to calculate both the LWC and the MVD from the same images is described in this paper. The size of one droplet is determined by measuring the shadow created by the droplet in background illumination. The concentration is calculated by counting the measured droplets and estimating the volumes in which these droplets can be observed.

In the described study, the observation volume is shown to be dependent on the particle size and the signal to noise ratio (SNR) for each measured particle. An expected coefficient of variation of the LWC depending on the droplet size is shown to be 2.4 percent for droplets 10 µm in diameter and 1.6 percent for 25 µm droplets. This is based on an error estimation of the laboratory measurements calibrated using a micrometer dot scale.

An instrument for measuring water droplets is described and constructed. It is designed to measure the volume concentration and the size distribution of droplets in order to detect icing conditions in a natural fog. The instrument works by shadowgraph imaging, with a collimated blue LED as background illumination. We show how to use a reference object to obtain a calibration of the droplet size and the measurement volume. These properties are derived from a measurement of the object's shadow intensity and its edge second derivative. From the size of every measured droplet and its expected detection volume, a measure of the liquid water content (LWC) and the median volume diameter (MVD) can be estimated. The instrument can be used for continuous measurement in a remote weather-exposed location and is tested in a small environment chamber. We also describe this chamber and how we can change the LWC using an ultrasonic fog generator and a fan.