Mid Sweden University

Den här studiens syfte har varit tvåfaldigt, nämligen att testa alternativa lärmetoder via ett digitalt läromedel i matematik i en kvasiexperimentell studie samt att tillämpa metoder av användarupplevelser för interaktiva visualiseringar, och därigenom öka kunskapen kring hur upplevd kvalitet beror på använd teknik. Pilotstudien sätter också fokus på flera angelägna områden inom skolutveckling både regionalt och nationellt samt viktiga aspekter när det gäller kopplingen teknik, pedagogik och utvärderingsmetoder inom “den tekniska delen”. Det förra handlar om sjunkande matematikresultat i skolan, praktiknära skolforskning, stärkt digital kompetens, visualisering och lärande samt forskning om visualisering och utvärdering. Den senare svarar på frågor om vilka tekniska lösningar som tidigare använts och med vilket syfte har de skapats samt hur visualiseringar har utvärderats enligt läroböcker och i forskningslitteratur.

När det gäller elevernas resultat, en av de stora forskningsfrågorna i studien, så fann vi inga signifikanta skillnader mellan traditionell undervisning och undervisning med visualiseringsläromedlet (3D). Beträffande elevers attityder till matematikmomentet kan konstateras att i kontrollgruppen för årskurs 6 förbättrades attityden signifikans, men inte i klass 8. Gällande flickors och pojkars resultat och attityder kan vi konstatera att flickorna i båda klasserna hade bättre förkunskaper än pojkarna samt att i årskurs 6 var flickorna mer positiva till matematikmomentet än pojkarna i kontrollgruppen. Därutöver kan vi inte skönja några signifikanta skillnader. Andra viktiga rön i studien var att provkonstruktionen inte var optimal samt att tiden för provgenomförande har stor betydelse när på dagen det genomfördes. Andra resultat resultaten i den kvalitativa analysen pekar på positiva attityder och beteenden från eleverna vid arbetet med det visuella läromedlet. Elevernas samarbete och kommunikation förbättrades under lektionerna. Vidare pekade lärarna på att med 3D-läromedlet gavs större möjligheter till att stimulera flera sinnen under lärprocessen. En tydlig slutsats är att 3D-läromedlet är ett viktigt komplement i undervisningen, men kan inte användas helt självt.

Vi kan varken sälla oss till de forskare som anser att 3D-visualisering är överlägset som läromedel för elevers resultat eller till de forskare som varnar för dess effekter för elevers kognitiva överbelastning.  Våra resultat ligger mer i linje med de slutsatser Skolforskningsinstitutet (2017) drar, nämligen att undervisning med digitala läromedel i matematik kan ha positiva effekter, men en lika effektiv undervisning kan möjligen designas på andra sätt. Däremot pekar resultaten i vår studie på ett flertal störningsmoment som kan ha påverkat möjliga resultat och behovet av god teknologin och välutvecklade programvaror.

I studien har vi analyserat resultaten med hjälp av två övergripande ramverk för integrering av teknikstöd i lärande, SAMR och TPACK. Det förra ramverket bidrog med en taxonomi vid diskussionen av hur väl teknikens möjligheter tagits tillvara av läromedel och i läraktiviteter, det senare för en diskussion om de didaktiska frågeställningarna med fokus på teknikens roll. Båda aspekterna är högaktuella med tanke på den ökande digitaliseringen i skolan.

Utifrån tidigare forskning och denna pilotstudie förstår vi att det är viktigt att designa forskningsmetoderna noggrant. En randomisering av grupper vore önskvärt. Prestandamått kan också vara svåra att välja. Tester där personer får utvärdera användbarhet (usability) och användarupplevelse (user experience, UX) baserade på både kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder blir viktiga för själva användandet av tekniken, men det måste till ytterligare utvärderingar för att koppla tekniken och visualiseringen till kvaliteten i lärandet och undervisningen. Flera metoder behövs således och det blir viktigt med samarbete mellan olika ämnen och discipliner.

The aim of this doctoral dissertation project has been to investigate and describe Entrepreneurship Education in one Swedish county, E‐county. The dissertation is based on five studies, four case studies and a minor follow‐up study. Together these studies constitute a multiple case study called The Main Study. The purpose of the study has been to investigate how European policy on entrepreneurship education has been reproduced and realized in different educational settings in E‐county, and the consequences this has had for fostering students and local identity building. The two first studies, cases A and B were carried out in three schools where three high school programs were studied, the Haircare program, a technical program and a social science program. The programs were chosen so that the whole range of highschool programs were represented; a practical program, a semi‐academic program and an academic program. The third case, C, contained the specific educational program ʺSummer Entrepreneur” which was developed in a local municipality in Ecounty, and had been spread throughout Sweden. The program was developed by local people within the framework of an educational concept that had been imported from Canada, “Open For Business“. The fourth study, case D, was carried out in the educational program Youth Enterprise in local high schools, including the so called “Practice school”. The fifth study was a minor study through interviews with representatives from the different educational programs. To enable methodical triangulation, studies A to D were carried out with interviews, questionnaires, observations and document analysis. The studies were based on theories of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship education and general education. The theoretical framework for analysis was based on Basil Bernstein’s (2000) theoretical concepts classification, framing, the pedagogic device and pedagogic identities. The major finding from the Main Study was that entrepreneurship education was already part of the educational programs studied for some time before it became part of the Swedish national curricula in 2011. Entrepreneurship had become an element in the fostering of local identities in E‐county. Since it has become a major element of the value base in the national curricula, it will probably be an important part in fostering and identity building in all Swedish schools in the future.

This paper aims to outline findings from a research project that has investigated an initiative to stimulate youths tobecome more entrepreneurial. The concept of summer entrepreneur has been developed in the last decade in aSwedish county. It was developed out of the idea that youths should have a possibility to run their own companiesas alternative to traditional summer vacation employments. The study of the summer entrepreneur activity wasconducted as a case study. The main findings showed that the concept developed as a project now needs anorganization that can take the development further. It also shows that the participating youths express that they havearchived the expected abilities from the activity, but any long time effects of changed attitudes towardsentrepreneurship is hard to establish.

This paper aims to outline findings from a research project that has investigated an initiative to stimulate youths to become more entrepreneurial. The concept of Summer Entrepreneur has been developed in the last decade in a Swedish county. It was developed out of the idea that youths should have a possibility to run their own company as alternative to traditional summer vacation employments. The study of the Summer Entrepreneur activity was conducted as a case study. The main findings show that the concept developed as a project now needs an organization that can take the development further. It also shows that the participating youths express that they have archived the expected abilities from the activity, but any long time effects of changed attitudes towards entrepreneurship is hard to establish.

Denna studie är en del i ett större forskningsprojekt som sedan hösten 2002 bedrivits vid Institutionen för utbildningsvetenskap, Mittuniversitet. Detta kapitel är en beskrivning av entreprenörskapsaktiviteter i några av Länets skolor som innehåller tre delar. I den inledande delen ges en kort teoretisk bakgrund till entreprenörskap och dess relation till utbildning. Den andra delen beskriver hur utbildningen ter sig i ett urval av gymnasieutbildningar samt i en grundskola. Den tredje delen innehåller sammanfattande diskussioner och slutsatser.

Many researchers, and policy makers, across Europe emphasise entrepreneurship education as the way to a future new welfare society. Why? The aim of this article is to discuss critically entrepreneurship education, starting in contemporary European research on entrepreneurship. Earlier research defines entrepreneurship as a temporary process of innovation, only possible in capitalistic societies. In more recent research entrepreneurship is located within the entrepreneur, to a limited number of traits typical for the entrepreneurial personality despite its surroundings. Environmental or cultural factors are treated as either to promote or inhibit entrepreneurial behaviour/personality. The locus to specific traits of the individual is the logic behind the, normative and quite naïve, favouring of entrepreneurship education. Entrepreneurship education, characterised by learning by doing, practice-orientation, and so on, is viewed as the way to foster the right kind of individuals; individuals with the specific traits who form a kind of inner resources that can be profitable on the global market. In this perspective, entrepreneurship education seems to be a part of the ongoing neo liberal oriented restructuring process, which is sweeping through Europe, and the writings on entrepreneurship education can be understood as a specific political/ideological activity. I

Many researchers, and policy makers, across Europe emphasise entrepreneurship education as the way to a future new welfare society. Why? The aim of this paper is to discuss critically entrepreneurship education, starting in contemporary European research on entrepreneurship. Earlier research defines entrepreneurship as a temporary process of innovation, only possible in capitalistic societies. In more recent research entrepreneurship is located within the entrepreneur, to a limited number of traits typical for the entrepreneurial personality despite its surroundings. Environmental or cultural factors are treated as either to promote or inhibit entrepreneurial behaviour/personality. The locus to specific traits of the individual is the logic behind the, normative and quite naïve, favouring of entrepreneurship education. Entrepreneurship education, characterised by learning by doing, practice-orientation, and so on, is viewed as the way to foster the right kind of individuals; individuals with the specific traits who form a kind of inner resources that can be profitable on the global market. In this perspective, entrepreneurship education seems to be a part of the ongoing neo liberal oriented restructuring process, which is sweeping through Europe, and the writings on entrepreneurship education can be understood as a specific political/ideological activity.