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Stenman, T. (2026). Att mötas i det sköra - En studie om förtroliga samtal i palliativ vård. (Doctoral dissertation). Sundsvall: Mittuniversitetet
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Att mötas i det sköra - En studie om förtroliga samtal i palliativ vård
2026 (Swedish)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund: Patienter med palliativa vårdbehov lever med livshotande sjukdom och kan vilja prata om tankar och känslor som väcks vid livets slut. Samtal är en central del av palliativ omvårdnad men forskning visar att patienter har begränsat utrymme att uttrycka sina tankar och känslor vilket kan bidra till ökat lidande. I samband med omvårdnad har sjuksköterskor en speciell möjlighet att möta patienten i samtal. När vardagligt småprat fördjupas till förtroliga samtal kan tillit och relation utvecklas, och patienten ges möjlighet till stöd i sin situation. 

Syfte: Att belysa och fördjupa förståelsen av förtroliga samtal mellan sjuksköterskor och patienter inom specialiserad palliativ vård, med fokus på mellanmänskliga relationer, professionella förhållningssätt och aspekter av hur samtalen initieras, formas och upprätthålls. 

Metod: Avhandlingen omfattar fyra delstudier inom specialiserad palliativ vård. Delstudie I baserades på semistrukturerade intervjuer med 17 sjuksköterskor, (kvalitativ innehållsanalys). Delstudie II utgjordes av djupintervjuer med 10 patienter, (hermeneutisk analys). Delstudie III genomfördes med fokusgrupper (tolkande beskrivning). Delstudie IV var en fokuserad etnografi baserad på deltagande observationer samt intervjuer med 12 sjuksköterskor och 21 patienter (reflexiv tematisk analys).

Fynd: Förtroliga samtal växte fram i ett skört samspel mellan patient och sjuksköterska. Relation och tillit var avgörande och påverkades av patientens behov, sjuksköterskans ansvar och vårdens kontext. Samtalen framstod inte som en metod, utan som möten där professionell kompetens och mänsklig närvaro samverkade. De tog form i mötet mellan patientens behov av självbestämmande och sjuksköterskans mod att stanna kvar. 

Slutsats: Förtroliga samtal framträder som sköra men betydelsefulla möten där tillit och delad sårbarhet bär samtalets kärna. De utgör en betydelsefull del av omvårdnaden och kan bidra till att lindra lidande. Närvaro, kontinuitet och mod stärker även möjligheten till sjuksköterskors professionella utveckling.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sundsvall: Mittuniversitetet, 2026. p. 121
Series
Mid Sweden University doctoral thesis, ISSN 1652-893X ; 448
Keywords
Existentiellt stöd, Förtroliga samtal, Kvalitativ design, Omvårdnad, Palliativ vård, Sjuksköterska–patientrelation, Vård i livets slut
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-56781 (URN)978-91-90017-61-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-03-27, F229, Kunskapens väg 8, Östersund, 10:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-02-27 Created: 2026-02-27 Last updated: 2026-02-27Bibliographically approved
Stenman, T., Rönngren, Y., Näppä, U. & Melin-Johansson, C. (2026). Beyond Everyday Small Talk: A Qualitative Study on Registered Nurses' Confidential Conversations in Palliative Care. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 82(2), 1628-1639
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Beyond Everyday Small Talk: A Qualitative Study on Registered Nurses' Confidential Conversations in Palliative Care
2026 (English)In: Journal of Advanced Nursing, ISSN 0309-2402, E-ISSN 1365-2648, Vol. 82, no 2, p. 1628-1639Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Aim: To explore and gain a deeper understanding of how registered nurses in palliative care develop personal and professional approaches in confidential conversations with patients. Design: A qualitative study using focus groups. Method: Between March and May 2024, 22 registered nurses working in specialised palliative care in the northern region of Sweden participated in five focus groups. The discussions were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using interpretive description. Findings: Registered nurses pursued meaningful, supportive interactions during confidential conversations. Their reflections revealed vulnerabilities and the importance of continuous self-reflection, fostering growth, resilience and professional development. They sought ways to process emotional challenges, from individual reflection to peer discussions and structured supervision, refining their approaches. Four themes emerged: balancing external demands with inner motivation, recognising personal limitations, managing compassion with professional responsibility and gradually building trust. Conclusion: Reflection and continuous professional development are essential for navigating confidential conversations in palliative care. These practices help registered nurses balance empathy with boundaries whilst managing emotional and professional challenges. Peer support and shared learning, as well as fostering self-awareness and emotional resilience can enhance care quality and promote sustained professional growth across healthcare settings. Implications for the Profession and/or Patient CareThis study highlights the emotional challenges registered nurses face in confidential conversations with patients at the end of life. Reflection and support help them handle these challenges and promote person-centred care by enabling patients to express their inner thoughts and wishes. The findings apply to palliative care and other settings caring for patients at the end of life. Reporting Method: Findings were reported following the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research guidelines. Patient or Public Contribution: This study did not include patient or public involvement in its design, conduct or reporting.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley, 2026
Keywords
confidential conversations, focus groups, nurse, nurse-patient relations, nursing, palliative care, professional development, professional education, reflective practice
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-54630 (URN)10.1111/jan.17098 (DOI)001501682300001 ()40462497 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-105007418608 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2025-06-13 Created: 2025-06-13 Last updated: 2026-02-27
Stenman, T., Holmberg, B., Rönngren, Y., Näppä, U. & Melin-Johansson, C. (2026). Confidential Conversations in Palliative Care: An Ethnographic Exploration of Trust and Interpersonal Relationship Between Nurse and Patient. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 35(4), 1737-1751
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Confidential Conversations in Palliative Care: An Ethnographic Exploration of Trust and Interpersonal Relationship Between Nurse and Patient
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2026 (English)In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 35, no 4, p. 1737-1751Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Aim To explore aspects of interpersonal relationships in palliative care nursing, focusing on confidential conversations between patients and registered nurses (RN).Design A qualitative study employing focused ethnography.Methods Data were collected through unstructured participant observations, field notes and interviews with patients and RN in specialist palliative care. Data were analysed using reflective thematic analysis.Findings Confidential conversations in palliative care are founded on trust that is fragile and develops dynamically through consistent interactions. Small talk, presence and silence are essential for initiating and maintaining trust and the interpersonal relationship. The environment, patient condition and RN emotional presence and competence shape these conversations. As the relationship evolves, conversations adapt to the patient's changing needs. Missed signals or interruptions can disrupt flow, but the potential for repair remains, allowing for restoration and strengthening of trust and connection.Conclusion Confidential conversations in palliative care are grounded in fragile, dynamic trust, necessitating ongoing presence, sensitivity and adaptability from RN. To support these interactions, healthcare environments must prioritise privacy, relational continuity and communication training. Future research should investigate how organisational structures and clinical settings influence confidential conversations.Implications for the Profession and/or Patient Care Healthcare environments should facilitate confidential conversations by ensuring relational continuity and minimising distractions. Communication training that emphasises presence and management of silence can strengthen nurse-patient relationships, enhancing patient care and emotional support.Impact This study explores key aspects of confidential conversations in palliative care, emphasising trust and emotional sensitivity. It addresses a research gap in palliative care using rare observational methods to deepen understanding of nursing relational aspects. The findings offer practical guidance for enhancing communication and relational skills, informing training and policy development and ultimately, improving emotional support and care.Reporting Method Findings are reported in accordance with the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research guidelines.Patient or Public Contribution This study did not involve patient or public participation in its design, conduct or reporting.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2026
Keywords
confidential conversations, end-of-life care, ethnography, interpersonal relations, nurse-patient relations, nursing, palliative care, qualitative research
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-55768 (URN)10.1111/jocn.70119 (DOI)001584597600001 ()41029965 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-105018224471 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2025-10-17 Created: 2025-10-17 Last updated: 2026-03-16
Stenman, T., Melin-Johansson, C., Rönngren, Y. & Näppä, U. (2025). Beyond everyday small talk: A qualitative study on registered nurses’ confidential conversations in palliative care. In: : . Paper presented at 19th World Congress of the European Association for Palliative Care, Helsinki, May 29-31, 2025.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Beyond everyday small talk: A qualitative study on registered nurses’ confidential conversations in palliative care
2025 (English)Conference paper, Poster (with or without abstract) (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Background: In palliative care, everyday conversations between registered nurses (RNs) and patients often lead to deeper, more confidential discussions about existential concerns and end-of-life matters. These conversations, which are essential but emotionally challenging, are typically initiated by patients. RNs must address various emotional and psychological needs, managing empathy alongside professional responsibility while protecting their own emotional well-being and that of the patient. However, understanding is limited of how RNs develop the skills required to navigate the complex dynamics inherent in confidential conversations within palliative care.

Aim: To to explore and gain a deeper understanding of how RNs in palliative care develop personal and professional approaches in confidential conversations with patients.

Methods: This study employed a qualitative design, using five focus groups. A total of 22 RNs working in specialised palliative care participated. The transcribed interviews were analysed using Thorne’s interpretive description methodology.

Results: RNs in palliative care pursued meaningful and supportive interactions during confidential conversations. Their reflections revealed vulnerabilities and the importance of continuous self-reflection, which fostered growth, resilience and professional development. They sought ways to process emotional challenges, from individual reflection to peer discussions and structured supervision, refining their approaches to care. Four themes emerged: balancing external demands with inner motivation, recognising personal limitations, managing empathy with professional responsibility and gradually building trust. These themes highlight the complex interplay of emotional and professional demands, underscoring the value of reflective practices in supporting RNs’ personal and professional development.

Conclusion: Reflection and continuous professional development are essential for meaningful confidential conversations in palliative care. These practices help nurses manage emotional and professional challenges, balancing empathy with boundaries. Peer support, shared learning, and integration of self-awareness and emotional resilience into nursing education promote resilience, care quality and sustained professional development across healthcare settings.

Keywords: Confidential conversations; Education, Professional; Focus Groups; Nurse-Patient Relations; Palliative Care; Reflective practice; Registered Nurses; Professional development

National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-56112 (URN)
Conference
19th World Congress of the European Association for Palliative Care, Helsinki, May 29-31, 2025
Available from: 2025-12-03 Created: 2025-12-03 Last updated: 2025-12-03Bibliographically approved
Stenman, T., Holmberg, B., Rönngren, Y., Näppä, U. & Melin-Johansson, C. (2025). Ögonblick av förtroende: Förtroliga samtal och mellanmänskliga relationer i palliativ vård. In: : . Paper presented at 10:e nationella konferensen i palliativ vård, Stockholm, 18-19 november, 2025.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Ögonblick av förtroende: Förtroliga samtal och mellanmänskliga relationer i palliativ vård
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2025 (Swedish)Conference paper, Oral presentation with published abstract (Refereed)
Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund Någonstans mellan medicinska rutiner och vardagligt småprat uppstår ögonblick av förtroende – oväntade men viktiga för patienter med palliativa vårdbehov. I vårdens stilla rum kan vardagliga samtal mellan patienter och sjuksköterskor fördjupas till förtroliga samtal där livets rädslor, hopp och reflektioner delas. Förtroliga samtal beskrivs som spontana och tillitsbaserade, och erbjuder patienter en möjlighet att bearbeta sina tankar om livet och döden. Samtalen kan skapa emotionellt stöd, men ställer också stora krav på sjuksköterskors närvaro, lyhördhet och förmåga att navigera i komplexa situationer.

Syfte Att utforska aspekter av mellanmänskliga relationer i palliativ vård, med fokus på förtroliga samtal mellan patienter och sjuksköterskor.

Metod En kvalitativ studie med fokuserad etnografisk ansats genomfördes. Data samlades in via ostrukturerade deltagande observationer, fältanteckningar och individuella intervjuer med patienter och sjuksköterskor inom specialiserad palliativ vård. Data analyserades med reflektiv tematisk analys.

Resultat Förtroliga samtal vilade på en skör tillit som byggdes, upprätthölls, utmanades och reparerades genom ord, närvaro och handlingar. Tilliten påverkades av faktorer som arbetsmiljö, fysisk plats, tidigare relation, anhörigas närvaro och patientens hälsotillstånd. Småprat och tystnad fungerade som viktiga mekanismer för att öppna och upprätthålla samtalen. Stress och tidsbrist kunde störa samspelet, men samtalets rytm kunde ofta återställas genom lyhördhet och reparation av missade signaler.

Konklusion Förtroliga samtal i palliativ vård vilar på en skör men dynamisk tillit som behöver närvaro, lyhördhet och kontinuitet från sjuksköterskorna. När tilliten stärks skapas ett utrymme där patienter kan uttrycka sina innersta tankar och känslor. För att möjliggöra detta behöver vårdmiljöer stödja relationell kontinuitet, avsätta tid och främja kommunikationsfärdigheter som inkluderar småprat, tystnad och emotionell närvaro.

National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-56114 (URN)
Conference
10:e nationella konferensen i palliativ vård, Stockholm, 18-19 november, 2025
Available from: 2025-12-03 Created: 2025-12-03 Last updated: 2025-12-05Bibliographically approved
Stenman, T., Rönngren, Y., Näppä, U. & Melin-Johansson, C. (2024). “Unless someone sees and hears you, how do you know you exist?” Meanings of confidential conversations – a hermeneutic study of the experiences of patients with palliative care needs. BMC Nursing, 23(1), Article ID 336.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>“Unless someone sees and hears you, how do you know you exist?” Meanings of confidential conversations – a hermeneutic study of the experiences of patients with palliative care needs
2024 (English)In: BMC Nursing, E-ISSN 1472-6955, Vol. 23, no 1, article id 336Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: Patients with palliative care needs live with the reality of limited time due to illness or age, eliciting emotional and existential responses. A failure to address their existential needs can lead to significant suffering. A person-centred approach is paramount to effectively address these needs, emphasising holistic care and effective communication. Although existing communication models focus on predefined frameworks, a need exists to explore more spontaneous and confidential conversations between patients and nurses. Confidential conversations have the potential to build therapeutic relationships and provide vital emotional support, highlighting the need for further research and integration into palliative care practice. This study aims to more deeply understand the meaning of confidential conversations for patients with palliative care needs. Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted with 10 patients in the context of specialised palliative care. A hermeneutic analysis was used to gain a deeper understanding of the meanings of the conversations. Results: The patients had varying experiences and wishes concerning confidential conversations. They strived for self-determination in finding confidants, seeking trust and comfort in their interactions with nurses. Trust was crucial for creating a safe space where patients could express themselves authentically. In shared belonging, confidential conversations with a nurse provided validation and relief from life’s challenges. Experiences of feeling unheard or rejected by a nurse could intensify loneliness, prompting individuals to withdraw and remain silent. Regardless of the motives behind their choices, it was crucial that patients felt respect and validation in their decisions. Their autonomy could thus be recognised, and they felt empowered to make decisions based on their unique preferences. Conclusions: Patients value trust and understanding, particularly in confidential conversations with nurses, which offer solace, validation and empowerment. However, indifference can increase patients’ suffering, fostering self-doubt and reluctance to engage further. To address this, health care can prioritise empathic communication skills, offer ongoing support to nurses, and promote continuity in care through investment in training and resources. Additionally, adopting a person-centred approach in confidential conversations is crucial, considering patients’ varying preferences. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2024
Keywords
Communication, Confidential conversations, Home care, Hospice, Nursing, Palliative care, Qualitative research
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-51390 (URN)10.1186/s12912-024-01988-9 (DOI)001227011800001 ()2-s2.0-85193567401 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2024-05-28 Created: 2024-05-28 Last updated: 2026-02-27
Stenman, T., Näppä, U., Rönngren, Y. & Melin-Johansson, C. (2023). “Daring to deal with the difficult and unexpected” registered nurses’ confidential conversations with patients with palliative care needs: a qualitative interview study. BMC Palliative Care, 22(1), Article ID 108.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>“Daring to deal with the difficult and unexpected” registered nurses’ confidential conversations with patients with palliative care needs: a qualitative interview study
2023 (English)In: BMC Palliative Care, E-ISSN 1472-684X, Vol. 22, no 1, article id 108Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background

In palliative care, registered nurses provide advanced nursing care to relieve patients’ symptoms and increase their quality of life based on physical, mental, social and existential dimensions. Conversations, often about existential issues, are an important part of nursing and can affect quality of life positively. Confidential conversations between patients and nurses occur naturally while other nursing activities are being performed. Despite their great importance for palliative care these are rarely described.

Aim

To gain a deeper understanding of how nurses in palliative care experience and describe confidential conversations with patients.

Method

Secondary analysis of data from 17 open-ended face-to-face interviews with registered nurses in palliative care was conducted. Qualitative content analysis using an inductive approach was used to gain a deeper understanding and analyse the latent content.

Results

The confidential conversation was considered an important part of palliative care and is the nurse’s responsibility. This responsibility was described as complex and placed various demands on the nurses, both personal and professional. A prerequisite for the conversation was the interpersonal relationship. The conversation allowed the patient to process important matters not previously addressed or put into words. It had no predetermined content, was unplanned and entirely on the patient’s terms. For nurses the conversation could be experienced both as draining and a source of power and strength. The nurses also described safeguarding the patient through the conversation.

Conclusion

Nurses’ confidential conversations with patients are essential in palliative care and must be highlighted more to increase the quality of palliative care. The confidential conversations often have an existential content and are challenging for the nurses. Therefore, nurses need time, knowledge, and supervision to increase their conversation skills.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2023
Keywords
Confidential conversations, Existential issues, Hospice, Nurse-patient-relationship, Palliative care, Qualitative research
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-48988 (URN)10.1186/s12904-023-01228-y (DOI)001037092500001 ()37518580 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85165872314 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Mid Sweden University
Available from: 2023-08-08 Created: 2023-08-08 Last updated: 2026-02-27Bibliographically approved
Stenman, T., Rönngren, Y., Näppä, U. & Melin-Johansson, C. (2022). Förtroliga samtal i palliativ vård - Personalens och patienters erfarenheter. In: : . Paper presented at 7:e nationella konferensen i palliativ vård, Göteborg, 5-7 september, 2022.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Förtroliga samtal i palliativ vård - Personalens och patienters erfarenheter
2022 (Swedish)Conference paper, Poster (with or without abstract) (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund: I palliativ omvårdnad identifierar, bedömer och bemöter sjuksköterskan fysisk, social, psykisk och existentiell hälsa för såväl patient som närstående samt planerar, genomför och utvärderar åtgärder. Samtal är en viktig omvårdnadshandling med syfte att förbättra patienternas livskvalitet och möjliggöra en värdig död. Samtalen om existentiella frågor har positiva effekter på livskvalitet och samtalet erbjuder existentiellt stöd i olika åldrar och sjukdomsgrupper vid obotlig sjukdom som exempelvis cancer, organsvikt, demenssjukdom. Det finns olika former av samtal i palliativ vård. Sjuksköterskans förtroliga samtal som ofta sker spontant vet vi lite om Det förtroliga samtalet finns inte heller explicit beskrivet som begrepp i vårdvetenskaplig forskning. Syfte: Att få en djupare förståelse för innebörden av förtroliga samtal i palliativ vård utifrån sjuksköterskors och patienters perspektiv. Metod: Kvalitativ ansats med sjuksköterskor och patienter som i intervjuer beskriver sina erfarenheter av förtroliga samtal. Resultat: Analys av insamlade data med sjuksköterskor pågår och beräknas avslutas hösten 2022. Rekrytering och insamling av data med patienter beräknas påbörjas hösten 2022. Preliminära resultat i delstudie I visar att samtalen är en viktig del i den palliativa omvårdanden och sjuksköterskans självklara ansvar. Såväl ansvaret som samtalet i sig beskrivs som komplext och ställer olika typer av krav på sjuksköterskan. I samtalet kan patienten med palliativ vårdbehov få möjlighet att bearbeta saker som inte tidigare bearbetats och sätta ord på det som behöver sättas ord på. Samtalet inte har något förutbestämt innehåll, sker ofta i anslutning till någon annan omvårdnadssituation och sker helt på patientens villkor då det är patienten somhåller i taktpinnen. Betydelse: Samtal är mycket viktig del av omvårdnaden, trots det upplever vårdpersonal av olika skälutmaningar i att genomföra samtal. Personalens vilja att hjälpa, lindra symtom och plågor samt att främja en värdig död är ofta en stark drivkraft. I förtroliga samtal med en sjuksköterska får patienter möjlighet att hantera sin situation, sin sjukdom, sina förluster, sitt beroende av hjälp och stöd samt sin livssituation vilket kan leda till ökad livskvalitet och känsla av oberoende och värdighet. Kontexten palliativ vård är viktig i det förtroliga samtalet, där livets sista tid, döendet och döden är närvarande. Studien med patienter kommer att ligga till grund för en digital interaktiv utbildningsintervention om existentiella samtal riktad till vårdpersonal. Det är centralt att medarbetare i teamet runt patienter med palliativ vårdbehov har kunskaper, förmåga och mod att initiera och samtala kring patienters existentiella tankar och funderingar vid obotlig sjukdom.

National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-49692 (URN)
Conference
7:e nationella konferensen i palliativ vård, Göteborg, 5-7 september, 2022
Available from: 2023-10-30 Created: 2023-10-30 Last updated: 2025-09-25Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-1387-9152

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