Silicon carbide MESFET devices are suitable for high-speed and high-power applications. In this paper we are studying thermal effects in 4H-SiC RF power devices. The simulations are based on a combination of 2D device simulations for the electrical transport, and 3D thermal simulations for the lattice heating. We show that the method gives good accuracy, efficiency, flexibility and capacity dealing with tasks, where a 2D coupled electrical-thermal simulation is not sufficient. We also present an improvement of Roschke and Schwierz mobility model, based on Monte Carlo simulations for the temperature dependencies of the mobility parameters beta and v(sat).

Both unipolar and injection SiC devices can be used for high voltage switching applications; it is not determined, however, for which applications one approach is preferred over the other. In this paper, simulation studies are used to compare the suitability of unipolar devices, in this case a JFET (Junction Field Effect Transistor) against an equivalent FCD (Field Controlled Diode) configuration up to very high voltages. The calculations are performed in a finite element approach, with commercial drift-diffusion software. Numerous drift layers have been simulated in a Monte-Carlo approach to ensure that the optimal design of the drift layers for different breakdown is used. In a static case, purely conductive losses in the drift layer in both unipolar and injection configuration are compared. Additionally the total losses are studied and compared in switched applications for different switching frequencies and current levels.

Silicon carbide vertical MESFET devices are well suited for high speed and high power electronic devices. In this work we have optimized the geometry of vertical MESFETs for microwave applications, using iterative two-dimensional simulations. Relevant parasitics are included in the simulations to investigate the performance of realistic devices. The state of the art device has f(T)=7 GHz and we show that vertical MESFETs fabricated with traditional technology are totally limited by parasitics. Two different approaches to reduce the parasitics in the vertical MESFET are proposed where f(T) increases significantly.

Silicon carbide MESFET devices are well suited for high speed, high power and high temperature electronics due to high saturation velocity, high critical electrical field, good thermal conductivity and large band-gap. Optimization of a high performance device demands a substantial number of numerical simulations, where several different design parameters have to be investigated thoroughly. In this work, we optimize the geometry of lateral MESFETs for maximal unity current-gain frequency (fT) using iterative 2-dimensional simulations. We also present a comparison of performance for individually optimized devices, realized with lithographic resolutions ranging from 0.2 to 2 μm in different SiC polytypes.

An automatic optimization tool for semiconductor devices based on iterative device simulations is developed. The tool is used for optimization of different kinds of semiconductor devices using various performance measures. High performance optimization algorithms, both local and global, are used to achieve an efficient design in shortest possible time. In this paper the effects of different optimization algorithms, performance measures, and number of variables in the optimization are studied. Both the computational efficiency and the devices achieved with different performance measures are studied. We give a demonstration of the usefulness of this method in a comparison between different device topologies, which have been optimized for best performance.

A full band Monte Carlo (MC) study of the high frequency performance of a 4H-SiC Short channel vertical MESFET is presented. The MC model used is based on data from a full potential band structure calculation using the local density approximation to the density functional theory. The MC results have been compared with simulations using state of the art drift-diffusion and hydrodynamic transport models. Transport parameters such as mobility, saturation velocity and energy relaxation time are extracted from MC simulations

The breakdown characteristics of two-dimensional 4H-SiC diode structures have been studied using an anisotropic drift-diffusion model. The degree of anisotropy was estimated from recent full band Monte Carlo simulations. Identical diode structures have previously been used in the literature to measure the hole impact ionization coefficients of 4H-SiC. The reported measurements from different research groups show large differences in the impact ionization coefficients. Our numerical simulations show that the differences in these measurements can be explained by the difference in device geometry used by the research teams if one considers an anisotropic impact ionization process. This indicates that it is very important to consider anisotropic impact ionization in design and characterization of 4H-SiC power devices.

Nowadays, face recognition systems are going to widespread in many fields of application, from automatic user login for financial activities and access to restricted areas, to surveillance for improving security in airports and railway stations, to cite a few.In such scenarios, the architectures based on stereo vision and 3D reconstruction of the face are going to assume a predominant role because they can generally assure a better reliability than solutions based on a single camera (which make use of a single image instead of a couple of images). To realize such systems, different architectures can be considered by varying the positioning of the pair of cameras with respect to the face of the subject to be identified, as well as both kind and resolution of camera considered. These parameters can affect the correct decision rate of the system in classifying the input face, especially in presence of image uncertainty.In this paper, several 3D architectures differing in camera specifications and geometrical positioning of the camera pair (with respect to the input face) are realized and compared. The detection of facial features in the images is made by adopting a popular method based on the Active Appearance Model (AAM) algorithm. 3D position of facial features is then obtained by means of stereo triangulation. The performance of the realized systems has been compared in terms of sensitivity to the quantities of influence and related uncertainty, and of typical indexes for the analysis of classification systems. Main results of such comparison show that the best performance can be reached by reducing the distance between cameras and subject to be identified and by minimizing the horizontal angle between the plane containing the camera pair axis and the face to be identified.

The European XFEL will generate extremely brilliant pulses of X-rays organized in pulse trains consisting of 2700 pulses <100 fs long, with >10(12) photons, and with a 220 ns spacing. The pulse trains are running at a 10Hz repetition rate. The detector to be used under these conditions will have to face several challenges: the dynamic range has to cover the detection of single photons and extend up to >10(4) photons/pixel/pulse in the same image, framing rates of 4.5 MHz (220 ns) are required in order to record one image per pulse, and as many images as possible have to be recorded during the pulse trains. Due to the high flux, the detector will have to withstand a dose up to 1GGy integrated over 3 years. To meet these challenges a consortium, consisting of Deutsches Elektronensynchrotron (DESY), Paul-Scherrer-Institut (PSI), University of Hamburg and University of Bonn, is developing the Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector (AGIPD). It is a hybrid-pixel detector, featuring a charge integrating amplifier with dynamic gain switching to cope with the extended dynamic range, and an analogue on-pixel memory for image storage at the required 4.5 MHz frame rate. The readout chip consists of 64x64 pixels of (200 mu m)(2), 8x2 of these readout chips are bump-bonded to a monolithic silicon sensor to form the basic module with 512 x 128 pixels. 4 of these modules are stacked to form a quadrant of the 1k x 1k detector system. Each quadrant is independently moveable in order to adjust a central hole, needed for the direct beam to pass through. Special designs are employed for both the sensor and the readout chip to withstand the integrated dose for 3 years.

The Multi-Grid (MG) detector has been introduced at ILL and developed by a collaboration between ILL, ESS and Linkoping University. This detector design addresses the severely decreased availability of He3, in particular for neutron scattering instruments with large-area detectors, such as time-of-flight neutron spectrometers at ESS and other facilities. The MG detector is based on thin converter films of boron-10 carbide arranged in layers orthogonal to the incoming neutrons. The design of the detector provides position resolution, efficiency competitive with He3 and a strong gamma rejection capability. This paper presents the MG large-area (2.4m2) demonstrator and the progress made in order to meet the needs of production of B4C-coated layers, mechanical parts and assembly on a scale similar to that of the final detectors for ESS. A particular effort was made to produce aluminium detector parts with a low alpha background, successfully reducing the background rate to acceptable levels. Following the IN5 demonstrator, a compact prototype has been designed in order to finalise the electronic readout to be used at the ESS instruments equipped with the MG.

Thermal neutron detector based on films of 10B4C have been developed as an alternative to 3He detectors. In particular, The Multi-Grid detector concept is considered for future large area detectors for ESS and ILL instruments. An excellent signal-to-background ratio is essential to attain expected scientific results. Aluminium is the most natural material for the mechanical structure of of the Multi-Grid detector and other similar concepts due to its mechanical and neutronic properties. Due to natural concentration of α emitters, however, the background from α particles misidentified as neutrons can be unacceptably high. We present our experience operating a detector prototype affected by this issue. Monte Carlo simulations have been used to confirm the background as α particles. The issues have been addressed in the more recent implementations of the Multi-Grid detector by the use of purified aluminium as well as Ni-plating of standard aluminium. The result is the reduction in background by two orders of magnitude. A new large-area prototype has been built incorporating these modifications.

The building automation industry lacks an affordable, simple, solution for autonomous PID controller tuning when overhead variables fluctuate. In this project, requested by Jitea AB, a solution was developed, utilising step response process modelling, numerical integration of first order differential equations, and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO). The solution was applied to two control schemes; simulated outlet flow from a virtual water tank, and the physical air pressure in the ventilation system of a preschool in Sweden. An open-loop step response provided the transfer function in each case, which, after some manipulation, could be employed to predict the performance of any given set of PID parameters, based on a weighted cost function. This prediction model was used in ACO to find optimal settings. The program was constructed in both Structured Control Language and Structured Text and documented in an approachable way. The results showed that the program was, in both cases, able to eliminate overshoot and retain the settling time (with a slightly raised rise time) achieved with settings tuned per the current methods of Jitea AB. Noise and oscillations present in the physical system did not appear to have any major negative influence on the tuning process. The program performed above Jitea AB’s expectation, and will be tested in more scenarios, as it showed promise. Autonomous implementation could be of societal benefit through increased efficiency and sustainability in a range of processes. In future studies, focus should be on improving the prediction model, and further optimising the ACO variables.

Valmet do not have a method for testing the functionality of the control systems for the conveyors they deliver with their baling lines, as a result a lot of time is spent troubleshooting on site. They therefore seek a method which allows them to simulate these control systems to find and fix any faults in the code before delivery. Printed literature and articles published in scientific journals have been the foundation to the conducted study presented in this report. A code for a control system was provided and studied to gain understanding of its functionality. To simulate, a model which represents and behaves like the system to be simulated is required. If the simulation is to useful the model must be a sufficiently accurate representation of reality. A simulation has many advantages, it can prevent delays, save money, improve working conditions and safety. A concept for simulating this control system was developed during this thesis work. The concept overwrites the values of the physical sensors before the control logic. Every conveyor is simulated individually. The simulation has a function which saves the position of the virtual bale along the conveyor. The simulation is visualized in an HMI where the movement of the bales can be followed. The concept showed to worked very well to simulate the provided code. A large amount of the simulation should be possible to reuse when simulating other types of conveyors. Whether the concept will be able to detect faults in the code are though not confirmed, but most likely. The conclusion that can be drawn from the developed concept is that it has potential to simulate this type of control system if it is developed further, in which case the commissioning will be reduced.

Ultrasonic non-destructive testing are widely used in many branches of the indus-

try for measurements of materials characteristics.  In some cases there is a need

for  ultrasonic  transducers  to  measure  at  higher  temperatures,  but  these sensors lack proper sensing quality at elevated temperatures.  With the years it has been developed  several  approaches  to  make  ultrasonic  transducers  able  to  measure  at higher temperatures.

During this thesis an ultrasonic transducer with a delay line will be used to measure

thickness of a steel pipe at temperatures up to 300C, the delay line will work as a

temperature estimator and use the estimated temperature to compensate measure-

ment errors which is created from higher temperatures.  A measurement system is

created to make the ultrasonic transducer gather thickness and temperature data,

this system will then be placed inside ovens for testing.

At  higher  temperatures  a  problem  with  high  attenuation  of  signal  occurred  due to bad coupling and made it hard to find thickness values,  but the temperature

estimations showed good results at stable temperatures.

A weak but clear optical structure was detected at 329 cm⁻¹ by both reflectance and transmittance measurements in the far infrared on a 430 Å film of CoSi₂ grown on Si(100). This is the first observation of the IR vibrational mode of the cubic structure of CoSi₂ and the result is in very good agreement with theoretical calculations. In order to characterize the sample, the reflectance was extended up to 5.2 × 10⁴ cm⁻¹ and the refractive index was also directly obtained in a more limited spectral range by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The IR structure was then quantitatively analyzed by means of a fit procedure, obtaining the values of ω₀ = 327 cm⁻¹ for the phonon energy, of γ = 10.5 cm⁻¹ for the damping parameter and of 0.006 electronic charges for the screened effective ionic charge.

The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm contaminated industrial world, allowing for innovative services. The wireless communications seem to be particularly attracting, especially when complement indoor and outdoor Real Time Location Systems (RTLS) for geo-referencing smart objects (e.g. for asset tracking). In this paper, the LoRaWAN solution is considered for transmitting RTLS data. LoRaWAN is an example of Low Power Wide Area Network: it tradeoffs throughput with coverage and power consumption. However, performance can be greatly improved with limited changes to the standard specifications. In this work, a scheduling layer is suggested above the regular stack for allocating communication resources in a time slot channel hopping medium access strategy. The main innovation is the time synchronization, which is obtained opportunistically from the ranging devices belonging to the RTLSs. The experimental testbed, based on commercially available solutions, demonstrates the affordability and feasibility of the proposed approach. When low-cost GPS (outdoor) and UWB (indoor) ranging devices are considered, synchronization error of few microseconds can be easily obtained. The experimental results show the that time reference pulses disciplined by GPS have a maximum jitter of 180 ns and a standard deviation of 40 ns whereas, if time reference pulses disciplined by UWB are considered, the maximum jitter is 3.3 μs and the standard deviation is 0.7 μs.

In this paper we first analyse the possibility for deniability under a strong adversary, who has an Internet-wide transcript of the communication. Secondly, we present a scheme which provides the desirable properties of previous messaging schemes, but with stronger deniability under the new adversary model. Our scheme requires physical meetings for exchanges of large amounts of random key-material via near-field communication and later uses this random data to key a one-time pad for text-messaging. We prove the correctness of the protocol and, finally, we evaluate the practical feasibility of the suggested scheme.

The assessment of perceived quality based on psychophysiological methods recently gained attraction as it potentially overcomes certain flaws of psychophysical approaches. Although studies report promising results, it is not possible to arrive at decisive and comparable conclusions that recommend the use of one or another method for a specific application or research question. The video quality expert group started a project on psychophysiological quality assessment to study these novel approaches and to develop a test plan that enables more systematic research. This test plan comprises of a specifically designed set of quality annotated video sequences, suggestions for psychophysiological methods to be studied in quality assessment, and recommendations for the documentation and publications of test results. The test plan is presented in this article.

We present a discussion of the complexities encountered in particle simulation models for noncubic symmetry materials, focusing on the wurtzite and 4H phases of semiconductors. We have identified three general issues, band structure, scattering mechanisms, and band intersections, which in our opinion, constitute the most important modifications to Monte Carlo simulators for cubic symmetry materials. Owing to the increased number of atoms and size of the unit cell, the band structure is far more complex in wurtzite and 4H polytypes than in zincblende phase semiconductors. This added complexity is reflected by the greater number of bands, smaller Brillouin zone and concomitant increase in the number of band intersections. We have found that the band intersection points greatly influence the transport dynamics. In this paper, we discuss our initial attempts at treating transport near these points

In this paper, we discuss the complexities that arise in Monte Carlo based modeling of noncubic symmetry semiconductors and their related devices. We have identified three general issues, band structure, scattering mechanisms, and band intersections that require some modification of the Monte Carlo simulator from that for cubic symmetry. Owing to the increased size and number of atoms per unit cell, the band structure is far more complex in noncubic than in zincblende phase semiconductors. This added complexity is reflected by the greater number of bands, smaller Brillouin zone and concomitant increase in the number of band intersections. We present strategies for modeling the effects of band intersections on the carrier dynamics using the Monte Carlo method. It is found that the band intersection points greatly affect the carrier transport, most dramatically in the determination of the impact ionization and breakdown properties of devices and bulk material. Excellent agreement with experimental measurements of the impact ionization coefficients is obtained only when treatment of the band intersections is included within the model.

Electronic article surveillance (EAS) is widely used in shops and libraries together with an RF-tag attached to the goods or books in order to prevent shoplifting. By implementing the addition of a moisture sensor to the RF-tag, other functions become possible, including the ability to use as an alarm with regards to frozen goods, which have been shipped but which have melted and have, subsequently, refrozen. In- relation to care for the elderly, one time-consuming step involves checking whether there is the necessity for a change of diaper and this can, instead, be based on an RF-tag with an EAS-system alarm. A preliminary investigation was made using the moisture sensors, which involved how the resistance changes when liquid and/or heat is applied. A simulation of the LCCR circuit (RF-tag with the sensor) was conducted in order to determine how the resonance frequency changes for different resistances levels. When the moisture sensors are applied to the RF-tag with the correct resistance no alarm will be triggered, but will be triggered when water is added to the moisture sensor. In order for the tag to be able to induce energy from the transmitter in the EAS-system the resistance must be less than ten ohms in relation to the entire tag. Results show that the implementation of the sensor on the RF-tag is possible and that it works in a satisfactory manner.

Hydrauliska testbänkar används för att testa nya och reparerade hydraulventiler och pumpar för att utvärdera deras uthållighet vad gäller tid och tryck. Testbänkar består vanligen av sensorer och mätare som operatören övervakar. Detta arbete behandlar ett diagnostiseringsprogram för en hydraulisk testbänk med avseende på dess flödesmätare. Den testbänk som behandlas är en hydraulisk testbänk med tillhörande hydraul aggregat inklusive sju flödesmätare. Testbänken har även ett tillhörande HMI. HMI:t har en inbyggd PLC och är av modellen Beijer iX T12B-SM. Målet är att designa ett diagnostiseringsprogram som varnar operatören när flödesmätarnas värden inte befinner sig inom den toleransnivå som önskas. Metoden för att konstruera ett diagnostiseringsprogram har fyra faser där den första fasen är att utföra en litteraturstudie gällande de faktorer som kan ha en inverkan på utformningen av diagnostiseringen. Faktorerna innefattar metoder för diagnostisering, utformningen av ett HMI och förväntningar på de flödesmätare som studeras. I den andra fasen utförs mätningar på flödesgivarna som ligger till grund för fas tre. Tredje fasen består i att programmera diagnostiseringsprogrammet. Den fjärde fasen går ut på att programmera visualiseringen av diagnosticeringen. Efter mätningar med flödesgivarna visar det sig att de har den toleransnivå som tillverkaren har utlovat. Vissa problem uppstår i samband med mätningarna då en pump inte fungerar som tänkt samt att en flödesmätare har lägre värden än förväntat. Diagnostiseringsprogrammet tillsammans med HMI:t motsvarar det syftet som finns med arbetet och larmar operatören som förväntat. För framtiden skulle det vara intressant att vidareutveckla diagnostiseringen så att alla aktuella flödesmätare jämför sina värden med varandra och larmar när fel uppstår.

For industry, the need to access accurate and reliable objective video metrics has become more pressing with the advent of new video applications and services such as mobile broadcasting, Internet video, and Internet Protocol television (IPTV). Industry-class objective quality- measurement models have a wide range of uses, including equipment testing (e.g., codec evaluation), transmission- planning and network-dimensioning tasks, head-end quality assurance, in- service network monitoring, and client-based quality measurement. The Video Quality Experts Group (VQEG) is the primary forum for validation testing of objective perceptual quality models. The work of VQEG has resulted in International Telecommunication Union (ITU) standardization of objective quality models designed for standard- definition television and for multimedia applications. This article reviews VQEG's work, paying particular attention to the group's approach to validation testing.

This study focused on evaluating the user experience of the viewing-angle-dependent quality of computer and notebook displays. The tests were performed in a test lab using a notebook with a prismatic display and a computer monitor with a conventional LCD. The notebook display was tilted and turned during an image-quality test and tilted during an acuity test. On the computer monitor, the turn and tilt was simulated in the image-quality test, for checking the TCO requirements. The results from the image-quality test show that the parameter used in the TCO requirement, luminance ratio, would be a reasonable predictor of image quality. However, the experiment with the notebook display shows that, in general, this is not the case, especially for larger viewing angles where the physical characteristics do not show a gradual variation in luminance. Therefore, the luminance ratio in TCO requirements shall be used with caution. In addition, the results for the notebook display show that the visual acu ity decreased faster with increasing viewing angle than predicted from the luminance decrease alone. This means that it will be harder to resolve small details and will, therefore, have a negative influence on the visual ergonomics.

Implementation of the Johnson criteria for infrared images is the probabilities of a discrimination technique. The inputs to the model are the size of the target, the range to it, and the temperature difference against the background. The temperature difference is calculated without taking the background structure into consideration, but it may have a strong influence on the visibility of the target. We investigated whether a perceptually based temperature difference should be used as input. Four different models are discussed: 1. a probability of discrimination model largely based on the Johnson criteria for infrared images, 2. a peak signal-to-noise ratio model, 3. a signal-to-clutter ratio model, and 4. two versions of an image discrimination model based on how human vision analyzes spatial information. The models differ as to how much they try to simulate human perception. To test the models, a psychophysical experiment was carried out with ten test persons, measuring contrast threshold detection in five different infrared backgrounds using a method based on a two-alternative forced-choice methodology. Predictions of thresholds in contrast energy were calculated for the different models and compared to the empirical values. Thresholds depend on the background, and these can be predicted well by the image discrimination models, and better than the other models. Future extensions are discussed.

This paper will explore the mobile and business perspectives of visually lossless image quality, as well as review recent scientific advances. It is the outcome from the Special Session on Visually Lossless Video Quality for Modern Devices: Research and Industry Perspectives organized at the Human Vision and Electronic Imaging 2017 by IS&T at San Francisco Airport, Burlingame, California, USA, Jan 29 - Feb 2, 2017. It summarizes four presentations and a panel discussion.

Stereoscopic 3D viewing experience has been studied quite intensively recently, but still the subjective test methods have not yet been settled. It has become clear that the 3D viewing experience cannot easily be described by just one scale. This paper describes a study where three different rating scales (Quality, Discomfort and Presence) are compared in a subjective test, combined with two viewing distances. The results shows that in a stereoscopic 3D video quality test targeting mainly coding distortions one scale such as video quality could be sufficient. © 2013 Society for Information Display.

This paper analyzes how an experimenter can balance errors in subjective video quality tests betweenthe statistical power of finding an effect if it is there and not claiming that an effect is there if the effect is not there,i.e., balancing Type I and Type II errors. The risk of committing Type I errors increases with the number ofcomparisons that are performed in statistical tests. We will show that when controlling for this and at thesame time keeping the power of the experiment at a reasonably high level, it is unlikely that the number oftest subjects that are normally used and recommended by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU),i.e., 15 is sufficient but the number used by the Video Quality Experts Group (VQEG), i.e., 24 is more likelyto be sufficient. Examples will also be given for the influence of Type I error on the statistical significance ofcomparing objective metrics by correlation. We also present a comparison between parametric and nonparametricstatistics. The comparison targets the question whether we would reach different conclusions on the statisticaldifference between the video quality ratings of different video clips in a subjective test, based on thecomparison between the student T-test and the Mann–Whitney U-test. We found that there was hardly a differencewhen few comparisons are compensated for, i.e., then almost the same conclusions are reached. Whenthe number of comparisons is increased, then larger and larger differences between the two methods arerevealed. In these cases, the parametric T-test gives clearly more significant cases, than the nonparametrictest, which makes it more important to investigate whether the assumptions are met for performing a certaintest.

In this study, we investigate a VR simulator of a forestry crane used for loading logs onto a truck, mainly looking at Quality of Experience (QoE) aspects that may be relevant for task completion, but also whether there are any discomfort related symptoms experienced during task execution. A QoE test has been designed to capture both the general subjective experience of using the simulator and to study task performance. Moreover, a specific focus has been to study the effects of latency on the subjective experience, with regards to delays in the crane control interface. A formal subjective study has been performed where we have added controlled delays to the hand controller (joystick) signals. The added delays ranged from 0 ms to 800 ms. We found no significant effects of delays on the task performance on any scales up to 200 ms. A significant negative effect was found for 800 ms added delay. The Symptoms reported in the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) was significantly higher for all the symptom groups, but a majority of the participants reported only slight symptoms. Two out of thirty test persons stopped the test before finishing due to their symptoms.

It is well-known that active selection of fixation points in humans is highly context and task dependent. It is therefore likely that successful computational processes for fixation in active vision should be so too. We are considering active fixation in the context of recognition of man-made objects characterized by their shapes. In this situation the qualitative shape and type of observed junctions play an important role. The fixations are driven by a grouping strategy, which forms sets of connected junctions separated from the surrounding at depth discontinuities. We have furthermore developed a methodology for rapid active detection and classification of junctions by selection of fixation points. The approach is based on direct computations from image data and allows integration of stereo and accommodation cues with luminance information. This work form a part of an effort to perform active recognition of generic objects, in the spirit of Malik and Biederman, but on real imagery rather than on line-drawings.

Focus-of-attention is extremely important in human visual perception. If computer vision systems are to perform tasks in a complex, dynamic world they will have to be able to control processing in a way that is analogous to visual attention in humans. Problems connected to foveation (examination of selected regions of the world at high resolution) are examined. In particular, the problem of finding and classifying junctions from this aspect is considered. It is shown that foveation as simulated by controlled, active zooming in conjunction with scale-space techniques allows for robust detection and classification of junctions.

The TCO requirements provide well-known and recognized quality labels for displays.For these requirements to remain useful, they must continuously be reviewed and updated when nec-essary. The study described here was performed in response to the market trend of designing flat-paneldisplays and notebooks with glare panels. The purpose of this study was to investigate subjectiveresponses to display screens of different gloss levels for office workers working on different tasks undernormal office-lighting conditions. The study consisted of three parts, one where the users should setan acceptable reflex level, one where the user should rate their disturbance on a category scale, andone where the visual acuity of the users were investigated whether they were affected by glare or not.The results show that increasing gloss and increasing luminance levels had negative effects on theacceptance and the disturbance of reflexes. There were statistically significant differences in theacceptance and the disturbance levels between screens with low gloss and screens with high gloss,which suggests that screens with the highest gloss levels should be avoided. The study did not showan effect on the performance based on acuity testing.

This paper analyzes the impact on compensating for Type-I errors in video quality assessment. A Type-I error is to incorrectly conclude that there is an effect. The risk increases with the number of comparisons that are performed in statistical tests. Type-I errors are an issue often neglected in Quality of Experience and video quality assessment analysis. Examples are given for the analysis of subjective experiments and the evaluation of objective metrics by correlation. © 2015 IEEE.

The MPEG 3DV project is working on the next generation video encoding standard and in this process a call for proposal of encoding algorithms was issued. To evaluate these algorithm a large scale subjective test was performed involving Laboratories all over the world. For the participating Labs it was optional to administer a slightly modified Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) from Kennedy et al (1993) before and after the test. Here we report the results from one Lab (Acreo) located in Sweden. The videos were shown on a 46 inch film pattern retarder 3D TV, where the viewers were using polarized passive eye-glasses to view the stereoscopic 3D video content. There were 68 viewers participating in this investigation in ages ranges from 16 to 72, with one third females. The questionnaire was filled in before and after the test, with a viewing time ranging between 30 min to about one and half hour, which is comparable to a feature length movie. The SSQ consists of 16 different symptoms that have been identified as important for indicating simulator sickness. When analyzing the individual symptoms it was found that Fatigue, Eye-strain, Difficulty Focusing and Difficulty Concentrating were significantly worse after than before. SSQ was also analyzed according to the model suggested by Kennedy et al (1993). All in all this investigation shows a statistically significant increase in symptoms after viewing 3D video especially related to visual or Oculomotor system.

This paper gives an overview of three recent studies by the authors on the topic of 3D video Quality of Experience (QoE). Two of studies [1,2] investigated different psychological dimension that may be needed for describing 3D video QoE and the third the visibility and annoyance of crosstalk[3]. The results shows that the video quality scale could be sufficient for evaluating S3D video experience for coding and spatial resolution reduction distortions. It was also confirmed that with a more complex mixture of degradations more than one scale should be used to capture the QoE in these cases. The study found a linear relationship between the perceived crosstalk and the amount of crosstalk.

Stereoscopic 3D TV viewing puts different visual demands on the viewer compared to 2D TV viewing. Previous research has reported on viewers' fatigue and discomfort and other negative effects. This study is to investigate further how severe and what symptoms may arise from somewhat longish 3D TV viewing.

The MPEG 3DV project is working on the next-generation video encoding standard and in this process, MPEG issued a call for proposal of encoding algorithms. To evaluate these algorithms a large scale subjective test was performed involving Laboratories all over the world[1, 2]. For the participating Labs, it was optional to administer a slightly modified Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) before and after the test. One of the SSQ data sets described in this article is coming from this study. The SSQ data from the MPEG test is the largest data set in this study and also contains the longest viewing times. Along with the SSQ data from the MPEG test, we have also collected questionnaire data in three other 3D TV studies. We did two on the same 3D TV (passive film pattern retarder) as in the MPEG test, and one was using a projector system. As comparison SSQ data from a 2D video quality experiment is also presented. 

This investigation shows a statistically significant increase in symptoms after viewing 3D TV primarily related to the visual or Oculomotor system. Surprisingly, 3D video viewing using projectors did not show this effect.

This project is made for creating a stabil and useful mobile application developed in Java. The purpose of this project is to make the access and communication easier between the student and the student portal. The product of this project is the unofficial app of Mid Sweden University, called Mittuniversitetets Android-app, that in first hand is limited to Android-devices. By doing research, both by letting students answer a survey online on Mid Sweden University's student portal and by asking student physically at Mid Sweden University campus Sundsvall, the investigation tells which parts of the student portal students would like to have in the mobile application and it is according to those answers that the direction of the application has been developed. The product, which is the application, is considered complete when the students are able to for exempel reach their information and get the information presented in a good way. Three different suggestions for a solution is given and by comparing the benefits of those only one solution is chosen. The solution chosen is ”direct-connection as solution”. To be able to give the reader better basical and understandable knowledge some parts are explained in more detail in this report. The report also shows that the access to the student portal is more effective now that only 5 taps are required by using the Mid Sweden University application to get a students information instead of 24 taps by using the web-browser on the cellphone. All goals in this thesis is considered accomplished and screenshots shows this in the report. Finally there is also suggestions for some future works given in this report.

LoRa and the LoRaWAN specification is a technology for Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) designed to allow connectivity for connected objects, such as remote sensors. Several previous works revealed various weaknesses regarding the security of LoRaWAN v1.0 (the official 1st draft) and these led to improvements included in LoRaWAN v1.1, released on Oct 11, 2017. In this work, we provide the first look into the security of LoRaWAN v1.1. We present an overview of the protocol and, importantly, present several threats to this new version of the protocol. Besides, we propose our own ramification strategies for the mentioned threats, to be used in developing next version of LoRaWAN. The threats presented were not previously discussed, they are possible even within the security assumptions of the specification and are relevant for practitioners implementing LoRa-based applications as well researchers and the future evolution of the LoRaWAN specification.

Recently, the use of IoT devices and sensors has been rapidly increased which also caused data generation (information and logs), bandwidth usage, and related phenomena to be increased. To our best knowledge, a standard definition for the integration of fog computing with IoT is emerging now. This integration will bring many opportunities for the researchers, especially while building cyber-security related solutions. In this study, we surveyed about the integration of fog computing with IoT and its implications. Our goal was to find out and emphasize problems, specifically security related problems that arise with the employment of fog computing by IoT. According to our findings, although this integration seems to be non-trivial and complicated, it has more benefits than the implications. Index Terms—IoT, IIoT, vulnerabilities, trust, end-device, confidentiality, integrity, availability.

Interfacing the smart cities with cyber-physical systems (CPSs) improves cyber infrastructures while introducing security vulnerabilities that may lead to severe problems such as system failure, privacy violation, and/or issues related to data integrity if security and privacy are not addressed properly. In order for the CPSs of smart cities to be designed with proactive intelligence against such vulnerabilities, anomaly detection approaches need to be employed. This chapter will provide a brief overview of the security vulnerabilities in CPSs of smart cities. Following a thorough discussion on the applicability of conventional anomaly detection schemes in CPSs of smart cities, possible adoption of distributed anomaly detection systems by CPSs of smart cities will be discussed along with a comprehensive survey of the state of the art. The chapter will discuss challenges in tailoring appropriate anomaly detection schemes for CPSs of smart cities and provide insights into future directions for the researchers working in this field.

A facility full with computers needs backup-power to guarantee the function. Loads in this facility will produce current and voltage harmonics that can pollute and cause trouble with the quality of electricity. Coromatic are interested in knowing more about how these loads can affect the generator. A measurement was performed on a facility when they ran a functional test. The results indicated that THD increased, the third harmonic turned out to be the single harmonic with the highest value. The value is within the boundaries for THD_V according to SS-EN 50160 and 61000-2-2, except for the third harmonic. Its value was far too high. No action is propsed to deal with the problem at the moment. This thesis has provided Coromatic with valuable information too consider when they building new systems.