Rapporten lyfter fram ett antal anomalier och utmaningar som Försvarsmakten hotas av vid övergången från ett invasions- till ett insatsförsvar. De nya krigen kännetecknas av utdragna konflikter med kombinationer av militära och andra maktmedel och processer där hotet att sätta in militära resurser är vanligare än faktisk väpnad strid. Detta skapar behov av lokalkunskap, förhandlingsskicklighet, socialpsykologisk kunskap och kännedom om gradvis konfliktlösning. Frågor om etik och legitimitet accentueras. Sammantaget är de krav på förmågor som ställs bredare än tidigare och omfattar allt från krishantering vid låga konfliktnivåer, till väpnad strid mot en avancerad motståndare, nationellt som internationellt. Vilka visioner och mål som skall prägla det svenska militära engagemanget utomlands, och vad svenska soldater och officerare ska uträtta är oklart. Med dagens neddragningar av försvaret kan det dock bli problematiskt för Sverige att leva upp till både sina åtaganden internationellt, och bilden av sig själva som en modern försvarsmakt. Så länge denna fråga är otillräckligt besvarad riskerar också personalförsörjningen till Försvarsmakten att förbli osäker, och i avsaknad av tydliga huvudmannakrav bestäms en stor del av utvecklingen av verkställarens tolkning av verkligheten.
The purpose of this study was to develop a theoretical understanding of leadership during a complex rescue operation following a major disaster in a foreign country. The analysis followed a grounded theory approach. Seventeen informants from three Swedish authorities were interviewed on leadership in the emergency handling of the 2004 tsunami in Southeast Asia. A theoretical conceptualisation was developed which includes three superior categories: antecedent conditions, situational constraints and core aspects of leadership. Within the last-mentioned superior category a core variable was identified: a balance between the need for structure and the need for freedom. Leaders who strive to create structure at the expense of freedom of action are less inclined to delegate and more likely to wear themselves out. Conversely, those who strive to create great freedom of action bypass many links in the organisational chain, thus 'short-circuiting' the organisation as a whole.
Emergency response organisations face the challenge of having a bureaucratic structure and meeting extreme situations where predefined directives cannot cover all possible emerging contingencies. The aim of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of the concept of links within the framework of emergency response agencies during severely demanding operations. The empirical data are based on fifty in-depth interviews from three crisis events. The results suggest that collaboration during crisis management is facilitated by two types of links—planned and spontaneous—and both can act vertically and horizontally. The results imply an elaboration of the organizational concept boundary spanners.
The GSS project (Gaining SecuritySymbiosis) aimed at contributing towards increased security and quality of life for inhabitants and visitors of the border region of the middle part of Sweden and Norway. Within this goal the project also aimed at increasing the likelihood of saving livesand reducing threats to the environment and material assets. GSS focuses on providing the information and knowledge required in emergency and crisis situations. GSS emphasizes preparatory activities. The cross-border value added by the project has several dimensions: •It increases understanding, trust and cooperation between emergency personnel on both sides of the border.•Authorities with responsibility for security establish long-term institutional partnership with respect to security and crisis management.•The attractiveness of the border region increases due to enhanced securityand improved crisis management.•The mutual knowledge and understanding regarding the situation across the national border increases among project participantsThe project has implemented three yearly cycles of training consisting of building a scenario, training in handling a crisis situation and evaluation. The results from the evaluation have provided the foundation for the next year cycle. The project also developed a training system across these three cycles. The training system includes a scenario bank, training exercises and support, play-back function and an evaluation module including statistical functions. The evaluations from these training sessions are included in a separate appendix. The first training session was conducted as a table-top exercise at the Border Rescue Council meeting in 2011. The other two training sessions were designed in order to allow the participants to sit at their respective workplaces and communicating with the other participants partly through traditional communications channels and through the training system. The training sessions were then discussed in the subsequent Border Rescue Council meetings. By accessing the scenarios and exercises in the training system the participants from the various rescue teams took part in the training sessions.The project results show that there is a great need for this kind of training. The participating organizations express that the training sessions havebeen very instructive and that participants have gained new contacts or developed the contacts that were already established. The results also show that participants have directly benefited from the project during real emergency events. The project costshave amounted to approximately 3,2 SEK and just under 2,5 NOK. Expenses have primarily consisted of the working hours of partners and to some extent travel expenses. The travel expenses have been reduced by the frequent use of distance communication technologies instead of physical meetings.
The aim of this study was to examine how a more inclusive framing of a crisis directs the actors' understanding of a situation and identifies unrecognized actors in the crisis management process. Crises include various extreme situations and require appropriate management frameworks to be effectively managed. The research is based on interviews with personnel who responded to a school fire and focuses on their interpretations and actions during the incident. The results indicated that the informants framed the crisis as a school fire. Consequently, the incident commander and principal became the core actors. However, an unrecognized management frame was identified, representing teachers who, in response to the crisis, upheld and normalized educational functions. As the frame representing teachers did not fit the established discourse on crisis management, it was not recognized by others involved, hence ignoring the contributions of significant role-players in the operational and pedagogical management of the crisis.
Även på obefordrade medarbetare i en organisation ställs krav. De ska vara kamrater inom arbetsgruppen, de är kolleger med dem som har samma yrke och de är underställa sin chef. Hur ser det goda medarbetarskapet ut? Artikelföraffaren har undersökt detta i den kanske mest hierarkiska av miljöer - Försvarsmakten.
The aim of this study is to examine how personnel from three different organizations
create meaning and intend to act in a potentially dangerous situation.The article reports
an experiment depicting a bomb at an elderly care center and the participants were to
describe the situation and decide how to act.The participants were personnel from the
police, rescue services and an elderly care centre.The findings show that participants had
different types of understanding of the situation and how to act.The personnel at the
elderly care centre were confused by the situation but they were familiar with their work
routines.The emergency organizations were familiar with the situation and the task, but
not with the work routines.
A crisis changes the way we perceive our everyday world, it provides new perspectives, and it directs our awareness to what is perceived as important in the situation. Crises include such events as fires, floods and car accidents. In this discourse, the definition of a crisis often alludes to the work of official emergency organisations and the work of professional emergency personnel to manage the crisis. Consequently, the work of ordinary people as they respond to and attempt to assist during the crisis is not always recognised, and if it is recognised, the people are often perceived as victims or as first responder volunteers. In a crisis situation individuals struggle to determine what is happening. The rescue services is entering the scene and a particular framework is activated that helps to define the situation. As noted by Dynes 30 year ago is that ordinary organizations and citizens are still not perceived as part of the emergency response. This study examines how the framing of the crisis authorises some actors and neglects others with respect to their involvement in the crisis and how the various actors define their positions in relation to others.
Objective: This case study elaborates on the theme of crisis planning and addresses the question of the use of crisis plans in an actual crises.
Method: The study is based on data collected during a water pollution incident, and consist of interviews, notes, and observations at a Municipal Council, County Administrative Board, and County Council in Sweden.
Result: Merton’s concept of manifest and latent function offers a new understanding in the discussion of crisis plans. The water pollution crisis was managed by professionals using their professional knowledge and skills, even though the situation was new to them. Not by following a crisis plan, but by being part in the development of the plan.
Conclusion: The results show that the organizations did not use their crisis plan during the incident, but the making of the plan was supportive. It helped responding personnel think systematically about how to handle a crisis situation.
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to draw a more nuanced picture of what characterizes followership in an organization. Design/methodology/approach - This exploratory study including seven depth interviews conducted with Swedish armed forces personnel at various levels - both officers and civilians on what characterizes followers. Additional two group discussions were conducted with employees; one representing followers and one representing middle management. Findings - The paper provides empirical insights about three follower roles - workmate, colleague, and co-worker and how they correspond to individual-related and organization-related categories. The most prominent feature of the role of workmate is work solidarity. The characteristic of the colleague is professional loyalty. Finally, the co-worker is looked upon as exercising leadership by extension. Research limitations/implications - Because of the chosen research approach, the research results may lack generalizability. Researchers are encouraged to test the proposed propositions further, and to further investigate the relationships between other followers' roles - such as temporary agency worker, flexible worker, and expert. Practical implications - The paper includes implications for the leader-follower relations, first, how management should lead subordinates in an organization. Second, there are ramifications for how followers' work is best organized. Finally, the paper verifies the importance of individual-related categories, not only between leaders and followers, but also between followers. Originality/value - The paper argues that followers should not only be seen in terms of traits or labels, but as the product of relations within organizations. Followers' actions are restrained by the frame of their positions. This has an impact on the development of the followers' roles.
OBJECTIVE: This case study elaborates on the theme of crisis planning and addresses the question of the value of crisis plans and for whom. METHOD: This study is based on the data collected during a water pollution incident and consists of interviews, notes, and observations at a Municipal Council, County Administrative Board, and County Council in Sweden. RESULT: Merton's concept of manifest and latent function offers a new understanding in the discussion of crisis plans. The result is then related to how known the place, task, and situation are to them. The manifest function im-plies that preparing crisis plans are supposed to direct officials in how to act when a crisis occurs. However, the plan was not made by or intended for the operative personnel who handled the water pollution crisis. Rather, this study shows that the personnel acted on the basis of their professional knowledge and earlier experiences when handling the crisis, and their knowledge can be related to the context of the crisis, and how known the place, task, and situa-tion are to them. CONCLUSION: This research adds to the knowledge of the use of crisis plans. It shows that the importance of having a crisis plan is related to how known the situation and the place is to those handling the crisis, and if the task to be done is known to them. Knowing the place and task helps the personnel to improvise in an unknown situation, and the crisis plan is not used. The value of a crisis plan arises when the task is unknown.
Objective: This case study elaborates on the theme of crisis planning and addresses the question of the use of crisis plans in actual crises. Using Merton’s concepts, the article considers the manifest and latent consequences of prepared crisis plans. Method: The study is based on data collected during one particular incident, consisting of interviews, notes, and observations at a Municipal Council, County Administrative Board, and County Council in Sweden. Result: The results show that the organizations did not use their crisis plan during the incident. The most important factor was the drawing up of the plan. Even if the plan did not cover the specific set of problems that arose, it helped people think systematically about how to handle this new crisis. Conclusion: The crisis plan’s latent function prepared officials for what to do in an emergency.
The purpose of this study is to investigate what influences the formation of a common operating picture and situational awareness during collaborative efforts to deal with complex disasters. Particular focus is given to the relationship between the operating picture and situational awareness. The study was conducted using qualitative interviews and a grounded theory approach, and is based on interview data from three crisis events. The results show that the operating picture is influenced by information coming together from different sources and forming a snapshot of the event, a portrait which changes and is updated over time, while organisational belonging, role and occupationally specific knowledge provide a framework for and influence situational awareness. The results also show that the operating picture forms the basis for an occupationally specific and role-based situational awareness and its subsequent decision-making. Further studies on the relation between common operating picture, sense making and situational awareness are discussed. Copyright © 2014 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.
Reservofficerarna har traditionellt varit ett viktigt inslag i Försvarsmakten. De antaganden som ofta görs om reservofficerarna är att de agerar som yrkesofficerare och att de internaliserar den militära kulturen. Men kunskapen om reservofficerarna är låg. Syftet med denna studie är att studera reservofficerarnas roll i insatsförsvaret utifrån reservofficerarna själva, samt utifrån representanter för Försvarsmakten och för regeringen. Resultaten visar att reservofficerarna är välutbildade och en stor andel är chefer och egna företagare. Trots detta uppfattar reservofficerarna att deras kompetens inte efterfrågas. Reservofficerarna upplever också att de idag inte uppskattas lika mycket som tidigare. Resultaten visar även på två typer av behov som Försvarsmakten har av reservofficerare, volymbehov och kompetensbehov. Dessa behov sätts i studien samman i fyra olika kombinationer. 1) det föreligger behov av reservofficerare att fylla vakanser, dvs. enbart volymbehov. 2) reservofficerarnas unika civila kompetens behövs, dvs. fokus enbart på kompetensbehovet. 3) Försvarsmakten har behov av reservofficerare som tjänstgör bara då Försvarsmakten har behov av dem, samt att de har en kompetens som Försvarsmakten inte har råd att bekosta, dvs. både volymbehov och kompetensbehov. Slutligen 4) folkförankring där varken kompetensbehov eller volymbehov står i fokus. Vi menar också att det behövs nya teorier för att studera gruppen reservofficerare då militära professionsteorier inte gör denna grupp rättvisa.
Abstract The aim of this study is to examine the reserve force’s role in and contribution to the new Swedish expeditionary armed forces. Survey data were obtained from 418 reservists. The results show that reserve officers are well educated and hold high positions in the civil society. According to the reserve officers themselves, the Armed Forces do not ask for their nonmilitary competence. The discontent with this situation is greater among the younger reservists as opposed to the older ones. Four different opinions on the need for the reserve officers are suggested. First, reserve officers are requested to fill vacancies, that is, a volume regulator. Second, the reserve officers are needed because they have unique competences other than military that are used by the armed forces. Third, reserve officers are needed from an economic point of view. Finally, reserve officers contribute to the civil–military relationship. However, when using a framework intended for regular officers, the contribution of the reserve officers’ civil professional competence has not been recognized.
The aim of this study is to investigate what women do in disaster situations and how both men and women perceive and discuss the work of women. These patterns were evidenced in the stories that were told following the fire. The study is based on 31 retrospective interviews with volunteers involved in a large Swedish forest fire and focuses on stories about the supportive work of women during this fire. The results indicate that women were praised when they followed the traditional norms but were denigrated when they performed what was perceived as male-coded tasks. The stories reveal norms about what a woman is and is not by focusing on women’s age and clothing and by directly and indirectly questioning their abilities and authority. The norms are also rendered visible by the positive attention that women receive while describing doing what is expected of a woman.
The aim of this study is to investigate what women do in disaster situations and how both men and women perceive and discuss the work of women. These patterns were evidenced in the stories that were told following the largest forest fire in the modern history of Sweden in July 2014. The study is based on 31 retrospective interviews with volunteers involved in combating the forest fire and concentrates on stories about the supportive work of women during this disaster. The results indicate that women were praised when they followed traditional norms but were denigrated when they performed what were viewed as male-coded tasks. The stories reveal norms concerning what a woman is and is not by focusing on women's age and clothing and by directly and indirectly questioning their abilities and authority. The norms are also rendered visible by the positive attention that women receive while describing doing what is expected of them.
Syftet med detta kapitel är att analysera och diskutera de processer genom vilka krishanteringen verkar och de styrningsrelationer som krishanteringsretoriken grundas i och genererar. Till vår hjälp tar vi Dorothy Smiths institutionella etnografi och kritisk riskteori. Fallet vi utgår från är en utvärdering som vi författare gjorde av Myndighetens för samhällsskydd och beredskaps insatser under hösten 2015 när ett ovanligt stort antal personer från andra länder sökte asyl i Sverige.
All accidents and crises do not happen in public places. Sometimes they occur in ‘private’ places, such as schools. In such cases, emergency response organizations work at incident sites located at other people’s workplaces. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between professionals of two different workplaces, when one workplace (the incident site) is temporarily organized at another, permanent workplace (a school or a special home for the elderly). This means that new activities are temporarily organized, by newcomers, on somebody else’s home ground. The relations between ‘the established’ and ‘the newcomers’ are in focus. The data consist of interviews made with rescue workers and personnel at schools and elderly care centers. In the present study, mutual adaptation between the two groups occurred, resulting primarily in parallelism; both groups worked independently of each other. Both groups tried to manage the crisis situation, but in different ways. Emergency response personnel trying to eliminate the immediate cause of the crisis, and school and elderly care personnel tried to maintain their normal functions in an unknown situation by adapting their task performance. Even though parallelism between the two groups was the dominant pattern, it was also the case that the direct crisis management of the emergency personnel took precedence over the indirect crisis management of school and elderly care personnel, e.g., when the school and elderly care personnel left the scene to the rescue workers.
When incidents or disasters occur, focus is often on response operations at the incident site, or on the highest command of emergency response organizations. Studies on the work performed in staffs are, however, rare. The term “staff” is often used in connection with the line-staff organization, to denote a permanent support unit for executives. The staffs in focus for this study are, however, temporary and specific for a certain emergency response organization. They are activated when a sizeable incident or a disaster has taken place, and they are disbanded when the incident is over. The aim of this study was to investigate interaction within a joint staff when a number of emergency response organizations, geographically localized in the same building, created a joint staff during an exercise, in response to a (fictitious) major incident. Thereby, organizational boundaries were transgressed in a way that may sometimes occur at the incident site, but is very uncommon in staff organizations. The boundaries between staff units of different emergency response organizations are generally fixed and rigidly upheld, each staff more or less independently supporting the operative units of its own organization. The focus of this study was trans-boundary interaction under pressure within a joint staff.
Syftet med denna rapport har varit att studera den samverkan som sker på en skadeplats där flera räddningsorganisationer och enskilda frivilliga är inblandade i räddningsarbetet. Men rapporten omfattar även den samverkan som sker i händelsens periferi, inom och mellan organisationernas staber, samt samverkan med frivilligorganisationer verksamma vid kriser och olyckor. Resultatet visar att omvandlingen av en olycksplats till en skadeplats påbörjas då en spontanfrivillig uppmärksammar en olycka och ringer till SOS Alarm. När räddningsorganisationerna kommer till skadeplatsen skapas en organisation för att ta hand om händelsen. I denna miljö möts spontanfrivilliga och räddningspersonal. Spontanfrivilliga kan i detta möte fylla två viktiga funktioner, för det första som informationskälla, dvs. i definitionen av en första lägesbild och i egenskap av vittnen. För det andra kan de få en funktion som medhjälpare, t.ex. påbörja lättare sjukvårdsinsatser eller dirigera trafik. Men genom att händelsen omgärdas av ett organisatoriskt sammanhang sätts gränser t.ex. för vad som betraktas som en legitim aktör. Ofta inkluderas spontanfrivilliga så tillvida att de blir geografiskt inkluderade, men de blir lika ofta symboliskt exkluderade. Räddningspersonalens avståndstagande gör att spontanfrivilliga känner sig obekväma i situationen och lämnar skadeplatsen i ett tidigt skede. Liksom skadeplatsen utgör räddningsstaben både en organisatorisk konstruktion och en institutionell miljö. Det som är särskilt utmärkande för staber är deras behov av lägesbilder. Till skillnad mot arbetet på skadeplatsen som börjar i kaos, börjar staben med ett ”tomt” rum som ska fyllas av händelsen, där lägesbilderna som förmedlas från skadeplatsen utgör grunden för stabens arbete. Etableringen av frivilligorganisationer följer till dels andra rutiner. Det som utmärker dessa organisationer är deras elasticitet, dvs. tillkomsten av frivilliga i händelse av en kris. Den verksamhet som vissa frivilligorganisationer bedriver är till dels lika dem som de bedriver i vardagen. Frivilligorganisationerna är inte verksamma på skadeplatsen och de aktiveras senare under händelsen och verksamheten kan pågå under lång tid efteråt. Om arbetet på skadeplatsen kännetecknas av en räddningspraktik, så kännetecknas de frivilligorganisationer som ingår i studien av en omhändertagandepraktik. Sammanfattningsvis framkommer att samverkan etableras i vardagen och att det finns en tendens att överbetona samverkan; samverkan är inte alltid viktig. Svårigheter att samverka kan bero på kunskapsbrister, att gränser försvårar samverkan där vissa inkluderas och andra exkluderas, samt att en strävan efter en gemensam lägesbild inte alltid är en rimlig utgångspunkt vid samverkan.
Sociologisk Forskning bad fyra sociologer i Sverige att svara på några korta frågor om coronapandemin och vårt samhälles hantering av den. Deras tidigare forskning har på olika sätt berört olika frågor såsom socialmedicin och medicinsk kunskapsproduktion, sociala nätverks betydelse för smittspridning, samhällets hantering av kriser och risker, genusaspekter av samhällskriser samt dyna-miken mellan expertis, politiker och medborgare i beslutsfattande och debatter kring frågor där expertkunskap är centralt. Utifrån svaren på frågorna redigerade tidskriftens redaktörer en sammanhängande text, som de fyra forskarna sedan kunde ändra och göra tillägg i. Resultatet är en gemensam text som påminner om ett samtal. Den slutliga texten färdigställdes den 8 april 2020.
Electricity is critical to almost all other critical infrastructure. Disturbance in the power supply would likely have devastating effects on all areas in society. Assurance of electricity to vital societal functions requires policies to manage power shortages. Such policies exist in only a handful of countries. This study focuses on one of those countries. In Sweden, the policy for power shortages, Styrel, includes all levels of society, all responsible institutions, and expert organisations. The policy is governed from the top down. We are primarily interested in how Styrel affects municipalities in their planning processes and supports decision making at the local level. The study is an interview study with key informants at the municipal level. The results show that the policy is supportive under certain conditions, depending on how the actors carried out previous processes. Lack of knowledge and support, and time pressure, characterise the process, although participants also have a sufficiently positive attitude to allow a more relaxed method of handling the process. The study provides insights on challenges that municipalities must manage in their work with policies for critical infrastructure protection.
Liksom i det avlönade arbetslivet följer det frivilliga, ideella och obetalda arbetet ett könsmönster. I den här artikeln problematiseras detta faktum och sätts i relation till diskussionen om var gränsen bör gå mellan statens ansvar och uppgifter som bör skötas av aktörer inom det civila samhället. I diskussionen om en pågående förskjutning av alltfler uppgifter från det offentliga till frivilliga och ideella aktörer studerar författarna genusaspekter av frivilligarbetet i tid och rum. Hur tar kvinnor respektive män plats i det civila samhället, vilken plats är det och var leder den?
How do EU member states communicate risks to their citizens? In this study, we define risk communication as the information provided by different levels of government to citizens regarding possible future crises. The questions serving as departure points for this study are as follows: How is the administrative system for risk communication set up in the countries studied? How the different risk communication campaigns are (provided that they exist) embedded in the larger administrative context? How is risk communication strategy formulated in each country and what kind of threats are emphasized? In order to tackle these questions, we examine the risk communication strategy of eight countries: Sweden, Finland, Germany, England, France, Estonia, Greece and Cyprus. Our data consist of governmental web sites, publications, campaigns, as well as other modes of communication, such as videos posted on YouTube, with questions centering on institutional actors, methods of delivery, content, and effectiveness. We acknowledge that risk communication aims at supporting vulnerable populations and evening out imbalances, but at the same time we flesh out the power dimension of risk. In our analysis, we search for reproduction of norms and social inequality in risk communication practices. The results show that some patterns emerge regarding the way different EU countries convey information to the public, but they do not hold strictly to geography or administrative system. Digital media are the foremost vehicle of risk communication and the message generally conveyed is geared towards traditional, middle class households with the main language of the country as their first language. Volunteer organizations are present in all the countries in question, though not at the same degree. The conveyance of “self-protection” guidelines implicitly places the responsibility of protection to the individual. The results also show that in some countries, materiality has become more prevalent than the social dimension of risk in the message the public sector conveys, and that there is a move from focusing on risk to focusing on security.
This study examines the handling of a school fire in a rural Swedish community and the role of the normalized narratives of leaders in crisis management. The article claims that leader normativity legitimizes certain positions and actions in a crisis management narrative and marginalizes others. The study uses theories on gender, boundary work and space to illuminate this claim. To explore such processes in narratives, we use feminist theory and critical management studies. The study shows that leader normativity creates gendered differences that result in both inequalities and the marginalization of any parts of crisis management that do not apply to leader normativity. The study shows that there is a strong norm of crisis management as an individualistic perspective that focuses on heroes and higher-level management as the people managing a crisis. Support for describing crisis management as a collective achievement and caring perspectives become marginalized.
Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine how personnel from different organizations create meaning and intend to act in a potential dangerous situation. Design/methodology: The article rests upon an experiment, showing a movie with a bomb at the entrance of a retirement center. The task of the participants was to describe the situation and decide how to act in different situations. The participants involve was personnel from different kinds of organizations. Findings: Our findings show that there are different kinds of understanding of the situation and how to act, that could be explained by the logic of the organizational field, professional knowledge and the person's earlier experience. Originality/value: While most studies have been focusing on the interaction between emergency organizations alone, this study has investigated the sense making and acting of emergency organizations and other non-emergency organization. Most studies are also conducted either as retrospective interviews after a crisis or during training exercise. This study rest upon an experiment, were the subjects had to interpret the situation and decide how to act in real time.
Knowledge about disasters, emergencies, and other extreme situations is produced through outputs from research, lived experiences and social processes. The knowledge, however, is rarely analyzed from a philosophical point of view that is, the kind of knowledge being (re)produced and to what end is unproblematized. This is partly a methodological problem as extreme situations are often hard to study in real time because they are dangerous, uncertain, and complex. By finding new ways of studying extreme situations we can gain insight into new perspectives and produce novel kinds of knowledge.