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  • 1.
    Ahlgren, Christina
    et al.
    Umeå Univ, Dept Community Med & Rehabil, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden .
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Struggle for time to teach. Teachers experiences of their work situation.2011In: Work: A journal of Prevention, Assessment and rehabilitation, ISSN 1051-9815, E-ISSN 1875-9270, Vol. 40, no Suppl 1, p. 111-118Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: The objective of this study was to from a gender perspective, explore elementary school teacher' experiences of their work situation, and identify conditions that could be health risks. Participants: Eighteen female teachers who work in an elementary school in Northern Sweden. Method: Thematic interviews were conducted using an interview guide. The interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyse the transcribed text and interpretations were made within gender theory. Results: Four categories emerged: "Squeezed between dream and reality", "Effort to keep up with demands", "We can make it together" and "The school needs men's qualities". The categories were linked together with the theme "A struggle for time to teach". The theme describes the conflict between the teachers' ambitions to teach and create a stimulating learning environment versus the increased need for behaviour control that took time from classroom work. Beside work at the school, the teachers carried a large burden of domestic work.Conclusions: Teachers' work includes both endless demands and great joy. Their work is structured within the schools gender system in which caring duties are subordinated despite a growing demand for behaviour control. Traditional gender roles affect their domestic work load.

  • 2.
    Bodin, Andrea
    et al.
    tillfälligt anställd som forskningsassistent på IHV.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Gymnasieelevers arbetsmiljö och hälsa: Rapport från elevenkäten VT 2012, åk 2 Jämtlands gymnasieum.2012Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 3.
    Brännström, Lotta
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    de Lange, Naydene
    Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Giritli Nygren, Katarina
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Social Sciences.
    Mitchell, Claudia
    McGill University, Montreal.
    Moletsane, Relebohile
    University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban.
    Nyhlén, Sara
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Social Sciences.
    Picturing rurality and its gendered dimension – South Africa vs Sweden2017Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 4.
    Brännström, Lotta
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Giritli Nygren, Katarina
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Social Sciences.
    Nyhlén, Sara
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Social Sciences.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    TGRAN: A Transnational Study of the Intersections of Rurality, Gender and violence Against Women2018Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 5.
    Brännström, Lotta
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Nyhlén, Sara
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Girls’ Perspectives on Gendered Violence in Rural Sweden: Photovoice as a Method for Increased Knowledge and Social Change2020In: International Journal of Qualitative Methods, E-ISSN 1609-4069, Vol. 19Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Research has shown for decades that gendered violence against girls and women is a major public health problem with devastating long-term health consequences for individuals and communities alike. Knowledge of gendered violence against girls and young women thus needs to be increased not only in urban, but also in rural areas, and from girls’ own perspectives. Research methods should also be developed that will facilitate the possibility of reaching policy makers, i.e. to reach those with the power to bring about social change. This study had two main goals. The first was to use photovoice as a methodology to gain increased knowledge about gendered violence against girls and young women in rural Sweden, while the second was to discuss the potential of reaching social change through photovoice as well as offer some critique. We worked with 35 adolescent girls enrolled in an upper secondary school in rural Sweden. Six workshops, which focused on (un)safety, different forms of violence, and the consequences of violence, were analyzed with an action-oriented approach and content analysis. The photovoice material also resulted in an exhibition that was used to reach policy makers. The findings show that the girls’ ability to control their own lives was limited and that a number of different situations in their everyday lives were related to a reduced sense of space and reduced sense of agency. The findings also highlight that the girls were constantly sexually harassed online, which created a feeling of being unable to escape. We argue that photovoice is suitable in mediating girls’ perspectives and in engaging and informing key policy makers, although the method alone cannot assure social change. 

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  • 6.
    Brännström, Lotta
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Nyhlén, Sara
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    “You are so ugly, you whore”- girls in rural Sweden discuss and address gendered violence2020In: International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, ISSN 1748-2623, E-ISSN 1748-2631, Vol. 15, no 1, article id 1695308Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Girls face gendered violence on an everyday basis, and this may have severe health consequences. Purpose: The aim of this study was to learn about gendered violence facing girls in rural Sweden in their everyday life, as it is experienced by the girls themselves. Method: Using the photovoice method, we worked with 35 girls in an upper secondary school, aged between 16 and 20, to explore how they navigated social spaces and developed strategies for increased safety. Results: Thematic analysis revealed two main themes (constant fear and strategies) and four sub themes (fear of being raped, fear of being labelled and excluded, being “appropriately” sexually active, and appearance and performance for increased feelings of safety). Conclusion: We considered how gendered violence facing girls led to fear and marginalization in a range of situations and interactions. Consequently, girls occupied significantly smaller social spaces compared to boys, and we argue that this was reproduced and upheld through everyday practices informed by hegemonic masculinity and performativity.

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  • 7. Carlberg Rindestig, Frida
    et al.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (HOV).
    Dennhag, Inga
    Experiences of Online Sexual Violence: Interviews With Swedish Teenage Girls in Psychiatric Care2025In: Violence against Women, ISSN 1077-8012, E-ISSN 1552-8448, Vol. 31, no 1, p. 266-290Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Research about online sexual violence (OSV) is needed to be able to better meet the needs of girls in psychiatric care. The objectives of this study are to explore experiences of online sexual violence among young female psychiatric service users. Interviews with nine girls with psychiatric care needs were analyzed with thematic analysis. The findings are summarized in four themes which contribute to the notion that online sexual violence is only one, albeit important, part of a more complex picture of violence among young girls in psychiatric care. The girls’ narratives are shaped by, as well as reproducing gender norms. 

  • 8.
    Carlerby, Heidi
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Erling, Englund
    Research and Development Centre for the County Council of Västernorrland.
    Viitasara, Eija
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Knutsson, Anders
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Risk behaviour, parental background, and wealth: a cluster analysis among Swedish boys and girls in the HBSC study2012In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 40, no 4, p. 368-376Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim: To analyse how health risk behaviours (HRB) are clustered and associated with parental background and family wealth among Swedish boys and girls.

    Methods: Data were collected from Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC),a global cross-sectional survey for 1997/98, 2001/02, and 2005/06. A total of 11,972 boys and girls in grades 5, 7, and 9 participated in the study. The pupils were categorised in subgroups according to parental background: Swedish (80.0%), mixed (10.6%), and foreign (9.4%). Cluster analyses were used to identify HRB profiles. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to estimate associations between cluster allocation, parental background, and family affluence.

    Results: In total 11,232 pupils were identified and allocated to five cluster profiles, half of them in the cluster profile of low-risk behaviour. The most disadvantaged cluster was multiple HRB, which was characterised by high prevalence of smoking, drunkenness, low physical activity, and high soft-drink consumption. The cluster profile of multiple HRB was associated with both mixed background and foreign background in girls and with mixed background in boys.. The cluster profile of inadequate tooth brushing was associated with foreign background in both boys and girls. The cluster profiles of multiple HRB and inadequate tooth brushing were associated with low family affluence in girls.

    Conclusions: The cluster profiles of multiple HRB and inadequate tooth brushing were associated with parental foreign extraction in boys and girls and with low family affluence in girls. Prevention programmes based on identified clusters of HRB, including consideration of impact of socio-demographic indicators, are needed.

  • 9.
    Carlerby, Heidi
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Viitasara, Eija
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Knutsson, Anders
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    How Bullying Involvement is Associated with the Distribution of Parental Background and With Subjective Health Complaints Among Swedish Boys and Girls2013In: Social Indicators Research, ISSN 0303-8300, E-ISSN 1573-0921, Vol. 111, no 3, p. 775-783Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study aimed to analyze how bullying involvement is associated with the distribution of parental background and with subjective health complaints (SHC) among Swedish boys and girls. Data were collected from the World Health Organization, Health Behavior in School-aged Children (WHO/HBSC) survey, measurement years 1997/1998, 2001/2002 and 2005/2006. A total of 11,972 boys (50.6 %) and girls (49.4 %) in grades five, seven and nine participated in the study. The adolescents were categorized in subgroups according to parental background: Swedish (80.1 %), mixed (10.5 %) and foreign(9.7 %). Multivariate logistic regressions were used to estimate remaining risk of SHC in the categories of bullying involvement. The frequencies of bullying involvement once or more were: none involved (74.8 %), victims (10.6 %), bullies (10.3 %) and bully/victims (4.4 %). Six out of ten involved in bullying were boys. Boys of foreign background were more involved as bullies compared to boys of mixed or Swedish background. Girls of foreign background were more involved in all three categories of bullying than girls of mixed or Swedish background. Increased risk of SHC was estimated among all adolescents involved in bullying, with highest OR in the category of bully/victims, OR 3.95 (CI 3.13–4.97) for the boys and OR 4.51 (CI 4.51–6.40) for the girls. The multivariate models were stable even after adjustment for socio-demographics. There are some associations between bullying involvement and parental background. Regardless of parental background, family affluence, family structure and gender, all adolescents involved in bullying are at increased risk of SHC.

  • 10.
    Carlerby, Heidi
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Viitasara, Eija
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Knutsson, Anders
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    How discrimination and participation are associated with psychosomatic problems among boys and girls in northern Sweden2012In: Health, ISSN 1949-5005, Vol. 4, no 10, p. 866-872Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Negative impact on health from school disturbance due to asymmetric power relations such as discrimination and offensive treatment are frequent problems among students. This study sought to analyze associations between occurrence of discrimination at school, participation and psychosomatic problems. Methods: Pupils in grades 6–9 in ten schools in a northern Swedish municipality participated in the study. The frequency of discrimination at school was measured by six items: sex; culture or ethnicity; disability; religion beliefs; sexual preferences; and any other form of discrimination. The Social and Civic Objectives Scale (SCOS) was used for an estimation of the level of participation. The pupils’ health was measured by the PsychoSomatic Problem (PSP) scale. Multivariate logistic regression models were used for estimation of increased risk of PSP. The formula Z=d/s (d)was used to test mediation. Results: Two thirds of the boys and three fourths of the girls reported occurrences of discrimination at schools (p = 0.001). Discrimination was a mediating factor between participation and PSP among boys and girls as the mediating formula Z=d/s (d) was > + 2 SD, –2.59 for boys and –39.27 for girls. Independent of each other, low participation and discrimination were associated with increased risk of PSP. Conclusion: Discrimination was a mediating factor between participation and PSP. The mediating effectwas stronger in girls than in boys. There is a need for school health promotion programsfocusing on participation in terms of democratic processes, communication and cooperation in the classroom.

  • 11.
    Carlerby, Heidi
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Viitasara, Eija
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Knutsson, Anders
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Subjective health complaints among boys and girls in the Swedish HBSC study: focussing on parental foreign background2011In: International Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1661-8556, E-ISSN 1661-8564, Vol. 56, no 5, p. 457-464Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: The general aim of this study was to explore the associations between foreign extraction and subjective health complaints (SHC) among school-aged children in Sweden. Methods: Data were obtained from the global cross-sectional survey Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC), 1997/1998, 2001/2002, and 2005/2006. A total of 11,972 pupils in grades 5, 7 and 9 participated in the survey. Logistic regression analyses were used to estimate remaining risk of SHC among the subgroups of pupils. The analyses were adjusted for socio-demographic indicators, grade and measurement year. Results: Parental background: Swedish n = 9,585, mixed n = 1,263, and foreign n = 1,124. The results showed an increased risk of SHC among girls with a foreign background OR 1.27 (95% CI 1.04-1.55) compared with girls with a Swedish background and among girls in single-adult households OR 1.42 (95% CI 1.20-1.67) compared with girls in two-adult households. No such differences were shown among boys. Conclusions: A significantly increased risk of ill health remained in girls of foreign background after adjustment for socio-demographic indicators, grade and measurement year. © 2011 Swiss School of Public Health.

  • 12.
    Dahlqvist, Heléne
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (HOV).
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (HOV).
    Cyber sexual harassment and cyber bullying victimization and associations with not feeling safe at school in Sweden2023Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: In a recent WHO report (1), it is stated that the “stranger danger” narrative when it comes to cyber perpetration needs to be toned down. It is more common for young people to be victimized by somebody they know such as friends, peers at school and relatives (2-4). The hypothesis is that many of the cyber perpetrators are peers at school, that means that perceived school safety is as a very important issue to address. 

    Aim: To determine the association between cyber sexual harassment as well as cyber bullying victimization and not feeling safe in school as well as being afraid of other students at school among Swedish 15-year-olds.

    Mathods: January-April 2023, a survey addressing cyber sexual harassment and cyber bullying, was disseminated in a random sample of high schools (n =24/41) in the Northern part of Sweden. Participating students were in grade nine (15-year-olds). The sample consisted of 68 homerooms, and 1 501 students. Response rate was 80%, (N =1 213). Binary logistic regression models was used to determine the associations Adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic factors as well as perceived peer support were made. In addition, the models was adjusted for offline victimization.

    Results: There were no significant associations between online victimization and not feeling safe at school either gender. Low peer support seems to be an important factor for both boys and girls regarding not feeling safe at school. There were no significant associations among boys at all. Online and in-person bullying was associated with being afraid among girls. An additional analysis show that girls were mainly cyber bullied by an unknown person and a girl at school, while it was most common to be bullied in person by a girl at school and next most common by a boy at school.

    Conclusions: Peer support seems to be of importance for feeling safe at school. Facilitating and promoting good peer relations at school may increase feelings of being safe at school. Girls being victimized by cyber as well as in-person bullying showed an increased probability of being afraid of somebody at school. This somebody is likely to be a girl at school as the most common perpetrator was a girl at school. Future research should investigate how being afraid of somebody at school affects school attendance and academic achievement, including potential mediating factors such as poor mental health.

  • 13.
    Dahlqvist, Heléne
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (HOV).
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (HOV).
    Digital media and the unsolicited dick pic – constructions of masculinity and femininity among Swedish teens2024In: International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, ISSN 0267-3843, E-ISSN 2164-4527, Vol. 29, no 1, article id 2400500Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The prevalence of sexting and dissemination of explicit sexual images (ESI) among teenagers has risen with mobile technology. Social media platforms amplify these practices, perpetuating problematic usage patterns. This study explores the understanding of how young people perceive thes enders and receivers of unsolicited dick pics, focusing on gender construction. Ten semi-structured group interviews with cisgendered girls and boys aged 12–16 were conducted and analysed thematically. The findings show that boys are the primary senders of dick pics, while girls are primarily on the receiving end, with boys and girls interpreting unsolicited dick pics differently. Girls more often viewed such behaviour as romantic, while only boys recognized it as harassment. This disparity emphasizes the need for internet safety education and interventions to challenge mainstream constructions of gender norms. By addressing these issues, educators and caregivers can better support adolescents in navigating the complexities of online interactions and promoting healthy relationships.

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  • 14.
    Dahlqvist, Heléne
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (HOV).
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (HOV).
    Mobile phone filmmaking in health promotion. Addressing problematic social media use in Swedish youth.2022Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Digital media is an important part in the everyday lives of young people. However, hate, threats, and harassment on social media is becoming a global public mental health issue among youth. To promote mental health in this age group, this issue needs to be addressed, and community-based health promotion, in particular participatory interventions, are needed to make measures taken meaningful for youth. The aim of the study was twofold; to teach participatory mobile phone filmmaking to Youth Community Center (YCC) staff; and to investigate how they assess this method regarding feasibility, relevance, costs, resources needed, and time considerations. 

    Methods: YCC staff participated in a two-day mobile phone filmmaking training. Group interviews that were recorded and transcribed verbatim were conducted and field notes were taken. Data was deductively analyzed in accordance with Elo and Kyngäs (2008).

    Results: YCC staff found the technology was easily accessible and the method needs limited extra resources. It has the potential to promote creativity and can be used as a means to involve young people in describing the issue in their own words, and to find a solution to the issue at hand. The method also has the potential to reach and engage the whole community as organizing a mobile phone film event is part of the process. Time consumption was not perceived as an issue, as staff is free to plan activities as they see fit.

    Conclusions: According to YCC staff, participatory mobile phone filmmaking has the potential to promote positive interactions on social media among youth. This in turn has the potential to promote wellbeing of young people. Recommendations are that this method is tested among young people and investigate if it is a helpful intervention to promote mental health in this age group.

    Main messages

    1. Participatory mobile phone filmmaking may be useful in youth mental health promotion.

    2. The method is cheap, easily accessible, and have the potential to involve the whole community.

  • 15.
    Dahlqvist, Heléne
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Social media and the unsolicited dicpic - constructions of masculinities and femininities among youth2021Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The use of social media is a central part of young people’s lives and problematic use, e.g., continuing usage despite evidence of harm is not uncommon. Social media offer young people opportunities to harness teenage discourses of social positioning. The dissemination of unsolicited images of the erect male sexual organ, or so called ‘dicpics’, is one way to engage in discursive practices that will position oneself within the context of power relations and enforcing of hegemonic masculinity. The specific aim of our study was to deepen the understanding of boys’ and girls’ experiences of unsolicited ‘dicpics’ and in particular how they construct masculinity and femininity in their understanding of senders and receivers of such images. Method: We conducted ten group interviews separated by gender (3-7 participants each) with Swedish 12-19 years old adolescents in 2019. The interviews took place at Youth Community Centers. The interviews lasted about 60 minutes and were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data was analyzed using latent thematic analysis. Findings: We found one main theme in the interviews; Setting the stage – performed masculinity and the negotiation of gendered social positions. The sender of the unsolicited ‘dicpic’ was a complex matter and was constructed in different ways generating five sub-themes. The construction of the receiving girl on the other hand, had less variation with two sub-themes. Conclusions: There seems to be a discursive gap in boys’ and girls’ understanding of the unsolicited ‘dicpic’. Girls seem to assume that there is some sort of romantic or sexual interest behind this behavior while boys also recognize this behavior as harassment. These findings can inform internet safety educators, legal guardians, and professionals working with young people. However, when addressing the phenomena of the unsolicited ‘dicpic’ it is important also to challenge mainstream constructions of masculinities and femininities.

  • 16.
    Dahlqvist, Heléne
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Swedish teens’ comprehension of sexting and explicit sexual images and consequences for well-being2020Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 17.
    Dahlqvist, Heléne
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Landstedt, Evelina
    Umeå universitet.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Poly-victimization of Bullying, Sexual Harassment and Violence in Youth - A Latent Class Analysis2019Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Introduction: Violence in a broad sense among youth is common and there is some evidence that there are groups of youth who are victims of more than one form of violence. More knowledge is needed in terms of patterning of subgroups of poly-victimization. The aim was to explore if there are distinct subgroups of youth with particular patterns of violence victimization.

    Method: Survey data from a Swedish sample (n = 1,569) of 14-16-year-olds were used (females 48.4%). Measures were physical violence, threat of physical violence, bullying, sexual harassment, and cyber bullying and harassment in the past six months as well as lifetime physical violence. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was used to identify subgroups of youth with particular violence victimization patterns. Model fit assessment was based on model parsimony, theoretical justification and fit indices criteria (the Akaike information criterion and the Bayesian information criterion).

    Result: A three-latent-class model was selected: 1. Poly-victims with high probabilities of being victimized by a multitude of different types of violence (girls 47.6%). 2. Overall low probabilities of violence victimization (girls 47.5%). 3. High probabilities of victimization of sexual harassment off- and online as well as bullying online (girls 65.6%).

    Discussion: Three distinct subgroups of violence victimization in youth was evident in the data. There was a greater representation of girls in the purely sexualized violence sub-group. Further research and preventive programs should acknowledge that young people who are victims of one type of violence are likely also to be victims of other types of violence.

  • 18.
    Dahlqvist, Heléne
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (HOV).
    Svensson, Åsa
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (HOV).
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (HOV).
    Co-occurrence of online and offline bullying and sexual harassment among youth in Sweden: Implications for studies on victimization and health - a short communication2022In: International Journal of Circumpolar Health, ISSN 1239-9736, E-ISSN 2242-3982, Vol. 81, no 1, article id 2130362Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Studies of co-occurrence of online and offline victimisation of bullying and sexual harassment and its associations to mental health outcomes among youth are scarce. To inform future study designs, the aim of this brief communication was to map co-occurrence of online and offline bullying and sexual harassment victimisation among adolescents. Data were collected in 2011 in nine schools in Northern Sweden, n = 1193 (boys = 566; girls = 627). Absolute and relative frequencies were calculated to find combinations of victimisation: one, two, three, or four forms. Reflecting a picture of the early days of online victimisation, in total fifty seven percent (57%) of adolescents were victimised. Single occurrence victimisation was 21.2% (offline sexual harassment was most common irrespective of gender), showing that most youths were victimised in a co-occurrence of two or more forms. Seven percent (7%) were victimised by all four forms of victimisation. Offline sexual harassment victimisation was present in the most common co-occurrences. Directions for future studies of victimisation and its associations to mental health outcomes are discussed.

  • 19.
    Dahlström, Albin
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (HOV).
    Dahlqvist, Heléne
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (HOV).
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (HOV).
    Do pupils who report a high degree of social and civic competence in class report less experiences of bullying and sexual harassment?2023Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In order to prevent bullying and sexual harassment at school we have to focus more on the context where these conducts occur and less on individual behaviors. Earlier studies show that schools where pupils report a high degree of participation in the classroom have higher grades and less bulling than other schools and less discrimination in general as well as less psychosomatic symptoms. The definition of participation in this study is measured as aspects of social and civic objectives (Ahlström 2010). There is a need to develop interventions that not only can prevent bullying and sexual harassment IRL, but also different forms of online victimization. 

    The overall aim is to analyze if pupils who report a high degree of participation also report a low degree of online and offline victimization.

    A web-based questionnaire will be distributed to about 20 schools during January-February 2023. With a calculated response rate of about 80%, the final sample will consist of about 1100 students in grade 9, representing half of the targeted population in a county in Northern Sweden. The questionnaire has a focus on mental health and includes a broad spectrum of online and offline bullying and harassment as well as sociodemographic and school-related variables. Participation is measured with the Social and Civic Objectives Scale (SCOS) constructed from the three dimensions democratic competence, co-operation and communication in the classroom.  

    The results are expected to show that pupils who experience a high degree of participation at school also report a lower degree of online and offline bullying and sexual harassment compared with those who report a low degree of participation. 

    The results in this study can inform schools about the possibilities to work for a positive psychosocial environment in the class and in the school through a pedagogy that not only increases the pupil’s social and civic competence but also decrease the level of different forms of bullying and harassment

  • 20. Danielsson, I
    et al.
    Olofsson, N
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Våldets följder - en fråga om folkhälsa: Starkt samband mellan våld/hot och ohälsa hos både kvinnor och män2005In: Läkartidningen, ISSN 0023-7205, Vol. 102, no 12-13, p. 938-942Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 21.
    Fahlgren, Siv
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Social Sciences.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Giritli Nygren, Katarina
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Social Sciences.
    Johansson, Anders
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Humanities.
    Söderberg, Eva
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Humanities.
    A room of our own: A collective biography of an exercise in interdisciplinary feminism.2011In: Normalization and “outsiderhood”: Feminist Readings of a Neoliberal Welfare State. / [ed] Siv Fahlgren, Anders Johansson & Diana Mulinari, UAE: Bentham eBooks, 2011, p. 106-116Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Abstract: The interdisciplinary research project “Challenging gender” was a joint effort by members of two Swedish universities. Researchers were grouped by five different themes, while together they became “the Arena”. The present authors’ theme focused on normalization processes, and included gender researchers from literary studies, sociology, social work, and public health studies. The purpose of this chapter is to explore what it is to challenge normalization processes as researchers; the context is interdisciplinary gender research under a neo-liberal regime. To deepen their understanding of what the process has occasioned, the researchers used “collective biography”, a memory-work method developed by Bronwyn Davies, who led the researchers’ work of writing down their memories prompted by experience of striations and of lines of flight. In this chapter the memories so produced are discussed in the light of Virginia Woolf’s A room of one’s own.  Thanks to the financial resources the project was able to muster, we were able to create the kind of collective “room” where we could take the opportunity to be creative and challenge structural patterns – but equally where we could give vent to our frustration at these same patterns. Our memories seemed to waver between fragile but uplifting flashes of optimism and a feeling that nothing would work, and not only just the one or the other – always somewhere in between. Our theoretical understanding of normality grew out of that most dangerous of ideas: that we should open our minds to the unpredictable, the non-normalizing, to whatever could be different

  • 22.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Barns och ungdomars hälsa2004In: Kropp och genus i medicinen, Lund: Studentlitteratur, 2004, p. 363-370Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Innehåll: Flickors och pojkars ohälsomönster, Självrapporterad ohälsa, Skolan som arena för hälsa och ohälsa, Sexualiserat våld, Levnadsvanor och risktagande

  • 23.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Förbättrad skolrelaterad hälsa bland elever ett hälsofrämjande genusinriktat projekt.: Rapport från elevenkäter i årskurs 1-6 i en interventionsskola och en jämförelseskola i Sundsvalls kommun 2003. Baslinjestudie. Rapport nr12004Report (Other scientific)
  • 24.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Genusrelaterat våld, trakasserier och diskriminering - ett globalt problem i lokal kontext2020Collection (editor) (Other academic)
    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 25.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Hatar män kvinnor?  Våld, empowerment och Milleniumserien2010In: Provins, ISSN 0280-9974, Vol. 3Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 26.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Obstacles for equity in health in a school health promotion project among young students2007Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    There is a need for more knowledge about school as an agent for equity in health. The present study is a part of an action research project performed in a Swedish school (grade one to six) in a socially disadvantaged area. The point of departure was that young students have competences to define problems and priorities of changes in their school environment as well as being active participants in the changing process. All students participated in groups in a process of defining suggestions of health promoting changes in their school environment. The aim with the present study was to analyse obstacles for equity in health in a school health promotion project where the students have been active participants. Method: Single-sex focus group interviews (half with girls and half with boys) were conducted with students in two sets: eight interviews were performed directly after the group work at school was completed and another six interviews about a half year after the changing process had started. The students in the focus group interviews were recruited from all classes and ages at the school. The interviews were analyzed with a grounded theory approach. Results: The preliminary results showed that power relations within the group of boys, between the groups of boys and girls, and within the group of girls were obstacles for equity in health. Categories such as harassment, injustice, responsibility taking, homosociality and gender based violence have been developed.Conclusions: Young students can be active participants in the work for a healthy environment at school but the staff at school must consider the unequal power relations between the students and to work with the social climate in general to a higher degree to be successful in reducing inequity among young students.

  • 27.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Peer sexual harassment in schools  - normalisation of gender practices in a neoliberal time2011In: Normalization and  "outsiderhood". Feminist readings of a neoliberal welfare state / [ed] Fahlgren, S., Johansson, A., Mulinari, D., Bentham eBooks, 2011, p. 58-67Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This chapter focuses on the way in which organizations and legislation, despite their explicit intentions, nevertheless promote normative inequality, maintaining sexual harassment as an apparently inevitable part of schooling. Peer sexual harassment is found to be both frequent and pervasive in Swedish schools and is more or less expected as an everyday hassle that students have to handle. This chapter highlights the social and discursive pre-conditions that, despite laws and policies, let behaviours related to sexual harassment continue to take place at a high frequency. These behaviours function as an obstacle for change toward a safe school environment, which is free from discriminating behaviours. Drawing on previous research, this chapter shows the gap between manifest legislation and common practices at school. The method is interpretive and critical, in the sense that it is a sustained discussion of questions being raised by earlier studies. The following six aspects of the discursive normalization processes that collaborate to make sexual harassment a common and concealed phenomenon in Swedish schools are: 1) Not including genderbased violence as a specific domain in the national public health policy; 2) Sexual harassment being invisible in school surveys; 3) Sexual harassment being invisible in anti-bullying programmes; 4) Ignorance of power and gender perspectives in schools; 5) The normalization of asymmetric power relations as a hindrance to victims speaking up and taking action; and 6) Lack of a common understanding and definition of sexual harassment.

  • 28.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Predictors for online unwanted sexual solicitation: a cross-sectional study of Swedish boys and girls in years 6-9.2013In: Mobilizing gender research challenges and strategies. / [ed] Katarina Giritli Nygren och Siv Fahlgren, Sundsvall: Mittuniversitetet , 2013, p. 99-110Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 29.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Sexual harassment of girls in elementary school - a concealed phenomenon within a heterosexual romantic discourse2012In: Journal of Interpersonal Violence, ISSN 0886-2605, E-ISSN 1552-6518, Vol. 27, no 9, p. 1762-1779Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this study was to enhance the understanding of young girls' experiences of peer sexual harassment in elementary school and of normalizing processes of school-related sexualized violence. Six focus group interviews with girls in Grade 1 through 6 were carried out in an elementary school in the northern part of Sweden. A content analyses showed that young girls experienced verbal, nonverbal, and sexual assault behaviors at school. Sexual harassment as a concealed phenomenon and manifest within a romantic discourse were themes found in the analysis. A conclusion is that schools have to acknowledge behaviors related to sexual harassment as a potential problem even in young ages and develop methods to approach the subject also for this age group.

  • 30.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Skolelevers arbetsmiljö och hälsa. Rapport från elevenkäten 2011.2011Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [sv]

    Förord

    Den här rapporten är en delrapport inom projektet Ungas Hälsosamma Utveckling. Det

    är ett treårigt projekt som finansieras av Folkhälsoinstitutet 2009-2011. Regeringen

    uppmärksammade att barns och ungdomars psykiska hälsa har försämrats under de

    senaste decennierna och gav Statens folkhälsoinstitut i uppdrag att fördela 50 miljoner

    kronor till sex kommuner för att utveckla det lokala sektorsövergripande hälsofrämjande

    arbetet för barn och ungdomar

    1. Östersunds kommun är en av dessa kommuner

    som har fått projektmedel för att öka kunskaperna om hur vi ska kunna främja barns

    och ungdomars psykiska hälsa.

    Rapporten bygger på data från den enkätstudie som delades ut till alla elever i årskurs

    6-9 i Östersunds kommunala skolor och en friskola i januari 2011.

    Vi presenterar data för alla skolor sammantaget, men de som vill veta mer om hur det

    ser ut på den enskilda skolan kan kontakta Björn Wickström på barn- och utbildningsförvaltningen,

    Östersunds kommun, för mer information.

    Enkätstudien är longitudinell, dvs. vi delar ut enkäten till samma elever under tre år.

    Det betyder att vi kan göra analyser och dra slutsatser om samband på ett annat sätt

    än som är möjligt i tvärsnittsstudier.

    En av de viktigaste saker för att kunna göra vetenskapliga studier av enkäter är att

    svarsfrekvensen är tillräckligt hög. Tack vare skolornas engagemang, både bland

    personalen och bland eleverna, har vi tillräckligt många svarande för att kunna göra

    statistiska analyser. Men trots en relativt hög svarsfrekvens totalt var det några

    enskilda skolor där den inte var tillräckligt hög för att göra enskilda återkopplingar.

    Vi återkommer med ytterligare en enkät i januari 2012 och hoppas då på ett gott

    samarbete och en tillräckligt hög svarsfrekvens på samtliga skolor.

    I arbetsgruppen har också folkhälsosamordnare Sofie Bergman och verksamhetscontroller

    Göran Qvarnström från kommunledningsförvaltningen ingått. Vi som

    har genomfört studien tackar så mycket för visat intresse och hoppas att ni ska

    kunna få nytta av resultaten i ert fortsatta arbete.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 31.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Så här mår vi i klass 6-9 i Östersund!: Rapport från enkäten Skolelevers arbetsmiljö och hälsa VT 20102010Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [sv]

    Det här är en rapport med några av resultaten från en enkät om

    skolelevers arbetsmiljö och hälsa. Enkäten delades ut till elever i

    tio skolor i klass 6-9 i Östersunds kommun i slutet av HT 2009

    och i början av VT 2010. Frågorna handlar t ex om hur eleverna

    mår, inflytande i skolan, krav, stöd från lärare, kamratrelationer,

    trakasserier och levnadsvanor. Alla frågorna som ställdes redovisas

    inte i den här rapporten, men alla skolor i kommunen erbjuds

    möjligheten att ta del av resultaten från flera frågor. De har också

    möjlighet att få resultaten från den egna skolan.

    Rapporten vänder sig i första hand till alla elever som deltog i studien,

    men även till föräldrar, skolpersonal och andra intresserade.

    Vi som har gjort studien arbetar i ett projekt som heter Ungas

    Hälsosamma Utveckling. Det är ett treårigt projekt (2009-2011)

    som finansieras av regeringen och som syftar till att öka kunskapen

    om barns och ungdomars psykisk hälsa och välbefinnande.

    Vi hoppas att rapporten ska kunna bli en del i skolans arbete

    för en hälsofrämjande arbetsmiljö.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 32.
    Gillander gådin, Katja
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Så här tyckte vi i årskurs 1-6!: En rapport om skolmiljö och hälsa för eleverna som deltog i en frågeformulärsstudie höstterminen 2003.2004Report (Other scientific)
  • 33.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Viktigt uppmärksamma genusbaserat ungdomsvåld2009In: Genus, ISSN 1403-8943, no 1, p. 33-Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 34.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Våld, jämställdhet och Millenniumserien.2013In: Åtta genusvetenskapliga läsningar av den svenska välfärdsstaten genom Stieg Larssons Millennium-trilogi. / [ed] Siv Fahlgren, Anders Johansson och Eva Söderberg, Sundsvall: Mittuniversitetet , 2013, p. 27-36Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 35.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Ahlgren, C
    Hammarström, A
    Weiner, G
    Näslund, Lisa
    Elever som aktörer i ett hälsofrämjande arbete i skolan: Rapport från en interventionsstudie med syfte att utveckla en modell för hälsofrämjande arbete ur ett genusperspektiv2006Report (Other scientific)
  • 36.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Brännström, Lotta
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Green, Monica
    UN Women, nationell kommitté Sverige.
    Nilsson, Sara
    Jämställdhetsmyndigheten.
    Ali, Alán
    Män för jämställdhet.
    Wolfe, Gabriella
    Fler Unga.
    Hallengren, Lena
    Socialdepartementet.
    Efter metoo – unga tjejers perspektiv på våld och sexuella trakasserier och vad vi kan göra åt det2018Conference paper (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 37.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Dahlqvist, Heléne
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Hot och trakasserier på sociala medier - En fokusgruppstudie på fritidsgårdar i Sundsvalls kommun2020Report (Other academic)
    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 38.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (HOV).
    Dahlström, Albin
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (HOV).
    Dahlqvist, Heléne
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (HOV).
    Ungas psykiska hälsa och utsatthet för våld och trakasserier: Rapport från en enkätstudie till elever i årskurs nio i Västernorrland2024Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [sv]

    Psykisk ohälsa bland unga är ett av våra stora folkhälsoproblem och även om vi vet en del om orsakerna saknas fortfarande kunskap om betydelsefulla faktorer. Det gäller särskilt det som handlar om utsatthet för våld och trakasserier. En stor del av ungdomars vardag finns i den digitala miljön ochvi behöver därför mer kunskap om vad ungdomar utsätts för där, men även om andra former av våld. Det övergripande syftet med studien är att få fördjupad kunskap om risk och skyddsfaktorer kopplat till elevers psykiska hälsa och ohälsa, med särskilt fokus på utsatthet för olika former och kombinationer av våld och trakasserier. Drygt hälften (24 av 41) av alla skolor med elever i årskurs nio i Västernorrland har ingått i studien. Resultaten i rapporten grundar sig på enkätsvar från 1211 elever. Det motsvarar en svarsfrekvens på 81 procent. Enkäten innehåller frågor om psykisk hälsa, ohälsa och oro, olika former av våld och trakasserier samt en mängd olika frågor om elevernas psykosociala arbetsmiljö i skolan.

    Psykisk hälsa, ohälsa och oro

    Resultaten visar att många elever har psykosomatiska besvär, depressiva symtom, skadar sig själva och är oroliga för globala problem, problem kopplade till ekonomi, arbete och utbildning samt att utsättas för våld och trakasserier, särskilt sexuellt våld. Det är stora skillnader mellan hur tjejer och killar har svarat, där tjejerna genomgående har mer psykosomatiska besvär, depressiva symtom, skadar sig själva och är oroliga jämfört med killarna. När det gäller de positivt formulerade frågorna är det framförallt killar som svarat att de ofta är glada, lugna, energiska, utvilade när de vaknar och tycker att vardagslivet är fyllt av sådant som intresserar dem. Killar är också mer positiva till sin kropp och sitt utseende jämfört med tjejer.

    Sexuella trakasserier online

    Resultaten från frågorna om våld och trakasserier visar att sexualiserade former av trakasserier online är vanligt och att det drabbar tjejer i långt högre utsträckning än killar. Exempelvis har drygt hälften av alla tjejer fått en dickpic det senaste halvåret och drygt hälften har blivit utsatta för att någon har bett om att få bilder eller videoklipp med naket eller sexualiserat innehåll, mot deras vilja. Motsvarande siffror för killarna är sex respektive tolv procent.

    Mobbning online

    Frågorna om utsatthet online som inte är sexualiserade (mobbning online) visar att det är många elever som är utsatta för att någon har skrivit något elakt eller sårande till eller om dem och att någon har spridit rykten eller skvaller om dem på ett elakt eller sårande sätt. Även mobbning online drabbar tjejer i högre utsträckning än killar. Undantag är frågan om någon har hotat dem, som drabbat var fjärde elev och frågan om de råkat ut för att någon har kapat deras konto i syfte att vara elak eller såra dem, som sju procent av eleverna svarade att de har utsatts för en eller flera gånger under de senaste sex månaderna.

    Sexuella trakasserier IRL

    När det gäller sexualiserade former av trakasserier i den fysiska världen, InReal Life (IRL), delas de in i fysiska sexuella trakasserier och verbala/ickeverbala trakasserier, som skett under de senaste sex månaderna. Exempel på utsatthet för fysiska sexuella trakasserier är att bli tafsad på (tjejer 27procent, killar 7 procent) och att någon har försökt kyssa eller krama dem mot sin vilja (tjejer 27 procent, killar 13 procent). För tjejerna handlar de verbala och icke-verbala trakasserier till exempel om att nästan hälften blivit kallade för hora, fitta eller andra könsord under de senaste sex månaderna, att någon har gett dem kommentarer, skämtat eller gestikulerat på ett sexuellt vis mot deras vilja (41 procent) och att någon har tittat på dem på ett sexuellt vis (40 procent). För killarna handlar det framför allt om att de blivit kallade för könsord (29 procent) och kallade för bög (28 procent), mot sin vilja.

    Mobbning IRL

    Frågorna om utsatthet för kränkande beteende som inte är sexualiserat (mobbning IRL) visar t.ex. att drygt hälften av tjejerna har blivit retade eller kallade saker som de tyckte var elakt och/eller sårande, jämfört med var tredje kille under de senaste sex månaderna. Drygt hälften av tjejerna har upplevt att de har blivit lämnade utanför en grupp eller ignorerade på ett sätt som de upplevde som elakt och/eller sårande, jämfört med var femte kille. En något högre andel av tjejerna har blivit slagna, sparkade, knuffade, klösta, skurna, dragna i håret eller kraftigt skakade av någon/några jämfört med killarna (23 respektive 18 procent). Det är en signifikant skillnad på utsatthet för mobbning IRL mellan tjejer och killar för alla frågorna som ställdes utom de två sista. Var femte elev svarade att de har blivit hotad och ungefär var fjärde elev har fått saker förstörda, skadade eller stulna, minst en gång under det senaste halvåret.

    Hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck

    Frågorna som kan belysa utsatthet för hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck visar att fem procent av tjejerna och tre procent av killarna inte får ha en flickvän/pojkvän om de vill och att sex procent av tjejerna och fyra procent av killarna uppgav att de behöver hålla koll på vad en familjemedlem eller annan släkting gör eller har för kompisar.

    Våld i ungas parrelationer

    Våld i ungas parrelationer är ett område som inte uppmärksammats i särskilt hög grad i Sverige, särskilt inte bland elever i grundskolan. Nästan hälften av tjejerna och killarna i studien har haft en romantisk eller sexuell relation som varat längre än en vecka sedan de började i årskurs sju. Både tjejer och killar har blivit utsatta för kontroll, hot, kränkningar, sexuellt våld och fysiskt våld av en partner, men tjejerna har blivit det i högre utsträckning än killarna. Exempelvis har var tredje tjej som varit i en relation blivit tvingade till att göra något sexuellt som de inte ville och var tredje tjej svarade att de har gått med på något sexuellt, fast de inte ville. Motsvarande siffror för killarna är tolv respektive sju procent. Var sjunde tjej och var tolfte kille som haft en romantisk eller sexuell relation sedan årskurs sju svarade att deras partner varit våldsam mot dem.

    Att utsätta andra för våld och trakasserier

    Frågorna om vad eleverna har utsatt andra för visade att ytterst få svarade att de utsatt någon annan för de sexualiserade formerna. Det är inte fler elever som är utsatta för kränkande beteende (mobbning) jämfört med desexualiserade formerna, men det verkar vara lättare att rapportera att man utsatt någon för mobbning än sexuella trakasserier, särskilt de som sker IRL. Knappt var fjärde elev svarade att de har retat eller kallat någon för saker på ett elakt eller sårande sätt. Tjejer svarade i högre grad än killar att de spridit rykten eller skvaller om någon samt att de lämnat någon utanför eller ignorerat någon på ett elakt eller sårande sätt. Killar har i högre grad än tjejer varit våldsamma mot någon, hotat någon eller förstört, skadat eller stulit någon annans saker. När de som blivit utsatta själva svarar av vem eller vilka de blivit utsatta framgår det att både tjejer och killar främst är utsatta av andra killar (på den egna skolan, från en annan skola, okänd kille), men också till viss del av tjejer (på den egna skolan), särskilt när det handlar om mobbning IRL. Möjligheten att alltid veta av vem man blir utsatt av online försvåras eftersom det finns möjlighet att vara anonym. Tjejer utgår i högre utsträckning än killar från att en del av de okända personer som utsätter dem online är vuxna.

    Samband mellan våld, trakasserier och ohälsa

    De som rapporterar att de varit utsatta för olika former av trakasserier rapporterar också mer ohälsa. Ju fler former av trakasserier eleverna har varit utsatta för desto högre är sannolikheten att de också rapporterar psykosomatiska besvär. Detsamma gäller depressiva symtom och självskadebeteende. Ju fler former av utsatthet för trakasserier desto högre sannolikhet att de också rapporterat att de har skadat sig själva en eller flera gånger. Tjejer är i högre utsträckning utsatta för flera olika former av våld och trakasserier, så kallat multiutsatta, jämfört med killar.

    Tid på sociala medier och online-spel och skärmtid

    En stor del av ungdomars vardag sker på sociala medier idag. Killar ägnar sig åt online-spel i högre utsträckning än tjejer, men nästan en tredjedel av killarna använder sociala medier mer än fyra timmar på vardagar; motsvarande för tjejerna är 58 procent. Enligt eleverna är det få vars föräldrar har regler kring skärmtid (sex procent). Även om många elever som har föräldrar som följer dem på minst ett av deras konton har nästan var tredje elev ett konto som ingen förälder känner till. Ungefär hälften av eleverna har föräldrar som pratat med dem om trygghet online, något fler tjejer än killar.

    Titta på porr

    Även om det finns både tjejer och killar som konsumerar porr är det framförallt killar som gör det. Drygt var tredje kille svarade att de tittat på porr en gång i veckan eller oftare det senaste halvåret. Många av de som tittat på porr gjorde det första gången när de var 12 år eller yngre.

    Skolfrånvaro

    Att vara hemma från skolan utan att vara sjuk kan ha många olika orsaker, men vi ville veta om utsatthet för våld och trakasserier är relaterat till att stanna hemma. Nästan var femte tjej svarade att de har stannat hemma från skolan utan att vara sjuka en dag i veckan eller oftare det senaste halvåret. De tjejer som stannat hemma ofta har i högre grad varit utsatta för våld och trakasserier jämfört med övriga tjejer. Få killar svarade att de har stannat hemma från skolan utan att vara sjuka.

    Socialt stöd

    De allra flesta svarade att de har stöd från sin familj, men killarna upplever det i högre utsträckning än tjejerna. Killarna och tjejerna upplever i lika hög grad att de har stöd från sina vänner. När det gäller stöd från lärare är det en högre andel killar som svarade att de alltid eller ofta får det jämfört med tjejerna.

    Skolans psykosociala arbetsmiljö

    Killarna känner sig trygga i skolan i högre grad än tjejerna och de är mer nöjda med sina kamratrelationer. Tjejerna känner sig oftare ensamma och utanför kamratgruppen, är i högre utsträckning rädda för några elever på skolan och de har inte så många kompisar de vill ha, jämfört med killarna. Tjejerna svarade i högre grad än killarna att de upplever höga krav i skolan och de upplever i högre grad att det är hög ljudnivå och stökigt under lektionerna. Det är en högre andel tjejer som svarade att det förekommit att någon har diskriminerats på skolan under de sex senaste månaderna. Killarna svarade i högre grad än tjejerna att lärarna både ingriper och ser till att det upphör, om någon elev har blivit kränkt, trakasserad, illa behandlad eller lämnad utanför. Delaktighet i klassen mättes med de tre dimensionerna kommunikation, demokratisk kompetens och förmåga till samarbete. Killarna är i högre utsträckning än tjejerna positiva till dessa förmågor i klassen. Eftersom enkäten innehåller många frågor som kan betraktas som känsliga ställdes en fråga om de upplevde att enkäten har påverkat hur de mår. De allra flesta elever som besvarade frågorna tyckte att de mådde lika som innan och ett fåtal att de mådde bättre. Tretton procent av tjejerna och nio procent av killarna tyckte att de mådde sämre efter att de besvarat enkäten. Kommentarer från de som upplevde att de mådde sämre handlade till exempel om att det väckte minnen som de önskade att de hade sluppit, men också att det trots det var bra att få frågorna.

    Sammanfattande reflektion

    En slutsats från de resultat som presenterats i rapporten är att den psykiska ohälsan bland eleverna i årskurs nio i Västernorrland är viktig att uppmärksamma och följa upp. Det är viktigt att förstå orsakerna till alla elevers psykiska hälsa och ohälsa. Men de stora skillnader som finns mellan tjejers och killars psykiska hälsa är alarmerande. En utgångspunkt för framtida analyser är att det finns starka samband mellan psykisk ohälsa och utsatthet för olika former av våld och trakasserier och att det är en viktig förklaring till att tjejer rapporterar mer psykisk ohälsa jämfört med killar. Resultaten visar att det finns stora skillnader mellan tjejers och killars livsvillkor, både i och utanför skolan. Det gäller särskilt tjejers höga utsatthet för sexualiserade former av trakasserier online, sexualiserade former IRL och olika former av kränkningar och våld från en pojkvän. Även om inte alla enskilda former av våld och trakasserier sker i skolan,visar det att skolan är en viktig arena att fokusera på när det handlar om förebyggande arbete, likväl som att utveckla aktiva åtgärder för det som inträffar. Det är också viktigt att uppmärksamma den särskilda utsatthet som tjejer har. Skolan har en viktig uppgift när det gäller att synliggöra genusrelaterade strukturer som ökar risken för killar att utsätta andra för våld och trakasserier och strukturer som bidrar till att tjejer blir utsatta i högre utsträckning än killar. Framtida statistiska analyser kommer fokusera på att öka kunskapen om samband mellan psykisk ohälsa och utsatthet för olika former av trakasserier och våld, men också förstå hur andra faktorer samvarierar med psykisk ohälsa. 

  • 39.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (HOV).
    De Lange, Naydene
    Nelson Mandela University, South Africa.
    Picturing rurality: Towards a shared understanding of what it means to study rurality in two country contexts2024In: Where am I in the picture?: Researcher positionality in rural studies / [ed] Claudia Mitchell, Katarina Giritli-Nygren and Relebohile Moletsane, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2024, p. 93-116Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 40.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Giritli Nygren, Katarina
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Social Sciences.
    Mitchell, Claudia
    McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
    Nyhlén, Sara
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Social Sciences.
    Studying the intersections of rurality, gender and violence against girls and young women:: An urgent matter in both the Global North and the Global South2015In: Being young in a neoliberal time: Transnational perspectives on challenges and possibilities for resistance and social change / [ed] Katja Gillander Gådin and Claudia Mitchell, Sundsvall: Mid Sweden University , 2015, p. 109-120Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    INTRODUCTION

    Violence against girls and women is a global problem, not only for the victim herself, but also for society in general (Garcia-Moreno, 2002). In the case of women with children, violence is also a problem for these children. A multi-country study on violence against women in 15 sites and 10 different countries, mainly low-income, shows that there are wide variations in prevalence between and among settings (World Health Organization, 2005). The differences were not only between countries but also between rural and urban areas within a country, with overall levels of violence against women consistently higher in rural than in urban settings. This means that we need to take space and place into account in studies of violence against girls and women. To date, the links between place and sexual violence against girls and women is an understudied area. Indeed, as Sandberg (2013) notes, the study of intimate partner violence and other forms of sexual violence in rural settings, in particular, may in fact be a blind spot in intersectional research.She calls fora consideration of how place may intersect with such constructs as class, ethnicity, race, gender, and sexuality. To this list we would add age, with the idea that addressing violence against girls and young women is a particularly critical concern in relation to ensuring safety and security for a new generation. The urban condition and life in the city as studied in relation to migration, housing, social supports, and violence itself (including sexual violence) is typically taken up in research that ranges from a focus on townships and informal settlements in the Global South through to thestudy of urban sites in the Global North. However, while the trend for people to live in urban spaces is increasing, this does not mean that there are no social issues that need to be addressed in rural settings; in the context of declining resources and state provisioning, rural life presents its own challenges. There is also a discursive construction of the rural areas that is characterized by higher rates of sick leave, higher unemployment, and the migration of young people away from the area. Added to this is the perception that rurality does not contribute to the economic development of the country (Nyhlén, 2013, Eriksson, 2008). This way of describing the rural can be regarded as an act of othering in that it positions rurality as the other in relation to the urban/center. In this way center and periphery are somehow interdependently constructed. Urbanization itself is built on the premise that resources are taken from the periphery and used in the center (Andersson, Ek & Molina 2008).We stress the importance of asking questions about what it means to study rurality and about how we can create research that goes beyond images of a declining rurality, not forgetting in this process, to ask questions about how rurality is gendered. The purpose, then, of this chapter is to address the necessity of understanding violence against young girls and women by theorizing the relationships between and among place, gender, and violence, particularly in relation to rurality. We do this by first contextualizing our arguments, focusing on three country contexts—Canada, South Africa, and Sweden. We then address three particularly important areas: (1) place-based gender and ethnic regimes, (2) rural vulnerabilities, and (3) local policy enactment.

  • 41.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Hammarström, A.
    Can school-related factors predict future health behaviour among young adolescents?2002In: Public Health, ISSN 0033-3506, E-ISSN 1476-5616, Vol. 116, no 1, p. 22-29Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Although the prevention of unfavourable health behaviour among young people has high priority in public health, the possibility of finding risk factors at school has not been sufficiently studied. The objective of this study was to find predictors among young pupils for later unfavourable health behaviour, with special focus on school-related factors.A three-year prospective study was started in 1994 including 279 pupils (141 girls and 138 boys) from different socioeconomic areas. The pupils answered a comprehensive questionnaire in grade six and grade nine. The non-response rate was negligible. The best predictors for health behaviour among boys and girls in grade nine were factors related to earlier health/health behaviour. The results also indicated that school-related factors could predict future health behaviour, especially in relation to low physical activity among girls.The school has an important role to play in identification of future unfavourable health behaviour among pupils at the school, both directly through recognising school-related risk factors and also indirectly through paying special attention to pupils with unfavourable health/health behaviour. Our findings indicate the need for more research in younger ages, as negative health behaviour already seems to be established at 12 y of age.

  • 42.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Hammarström, Anne
    A possible contributor to the higher degree of girls reporting psychological symptoms compared with boys in grade nine?2005In: European Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1101-1262, E-ISSN 1464-360X, Vol. 15, no 4, p. 380-385Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: It is a recurrent finding that adolescent girls report psychological symptoms in a higher degree compared with boys. The explanations for this difference vary, but the psychosocial school environment has never been a focus in these explanations. The aim of this study was to analyse whether psychosocial factors at school were associated with a high degree of psychological symptoms among boys and girls in grade nine, with a special focus on sexual harassment. Methods: The study was based on a cross-sectional study including 336 pupils (175 girls and 161 boys) in grade nine (about 15 years old), who answered an extensive questionnaire. The non-response rate was negligible (<1%). Logistic regression analysis was used to analyse whether school-related factors (teacher support, classmate support, sexual harassment), body image, and parental support were associated with a high degree of psychological symptoms. Results: Sexual harassment at school was associated with a high degree of psychological symptoms among girls. Conclusions: Sexual harassment must be acknowledged as a negative psychosocial school environmental factor of importance for the high degree of psychological ill-health symptoms among girls compared with boys.

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  • 43.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Hammarström, Anne
    Do changes in the psychosocial school environment influence pupils' health development? Results from a three-year follow-up study2003In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 31, no 3, p. 169-177Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aims: This study analysed the effects of psychosocial factors at school on pupils' health and self-worth from a longitudinal perspective. Methods: A three-year prospective study was started in 1994, including 533 pupils (261 girls, 272 boys) from 25 different classes in grades 3 and 6. With age-adjusted questionnaires the changes in self-perceived health were compared with changes in psychosocial school environmental factors. Results: The girls in the older cohort reported a negative health development with decreased self-worth and increased somatic and psychological symptoms. Significant gender differences in ill health, but not in self-worth, developed, especially in the older cohort. A multiple regression analysis showed that a negative development of psychosocial factors at school, measured as control, demand, and classmate problems, was associated with poorer health and self-worth among the pupils. A trichotomization of the psychosocial variables at school indicated a possible causal relationship between psychosocial factors and ill health and self-worth. Conclusions: The negative development in pupils' health and self-worth could partly be explained by the more unfavourable psychosocial environment that prevails at school at the senior level. The public health implications of our study can be summarized as the need for schools to improve pupils' social situation at school in relation to their work situation as well as to pay special attention to the school situation of girls at senior level.

  • 44.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Mitchell, ClaudiaMcGill University, Montreal, Canada.
    Being young in a neoliberal time: Transnational perspectives on challenges and possibilities for resistance and social change2015Collection (editor) (Other academic)
    Download full text (pdf)
    Being young in a neoliberal time
    Download (pdf)
    Omslag
  • 45.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Persson, Klara
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Economics, Geography, Law and Tourism.
    Zampoukos, Kristina
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Economics, Geography, Law and Tourism.
    Strategies to prevent sexual harassment in the hospitality workplace.2020Conference paper (Refereed)
    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 46.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Stein, Nan
    Wellesley Centers for Women, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA.
    Do schools normalise sexual harassment? An analysis of a legal case regarding sexual harassment in a Swedish high school2019In: Gender and Education, ISSN 0954-0253, E-ISSN 1360-0516, Vol. 31, no 7, p. 920-937Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Sexual harassment has become so frequent and ubiquitous in schools that these behaviours have become normalised and expected. In order to prevent the re-enactment and perpetuation of this problem, it is important to explore processes that contribute to its existence. A high school sexual harassment lawsuit in Sweden is used as a case study to illustrate ways that might explain how sexual harassment is normalised at the organisational level. A thematic analysis has been used to identify themes and subthemes. The results show a multi-layered web of factors and practices related to sexual harassment at the organisational level in the school. In order to change a school’s culture from one where sexual harassment is normalised, multiple needs must be addressed: organisational weaknesses must be strengthened; adults enact their responsibility to change the situation; and awareness of the relationship between sexual harassment, gender, and power needs to be increased.

  • 47.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Warne, Maria
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    A participatory visual method for increased knowledge of Swedish high school girls’ wellbeing and school achievement2018Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 48.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Warne, Maria
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Is gender equality an explicit issue in Swedish high schools? Results from a photovoice study with girls in a vocational program2017Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    There is a contradictory picture of Swedish girls; they are talked about as academically successful and winner at the labor market, but at the same time stressed out, have low self-esteem and high as well as increasing mental health problems. The discourse as well as the gender equality politics are (Everyone sort of know) that Sweden is a gender equal society where women and men can both work and have children, take part in society and where there is (supposed to be) freedom from men’s violence against women. This is true for some girls and women, but to fully understand the challenges and possibilities to work for a gender equal society we have to add an intersectional perspective, including several different power orders. This study will focus on high school girls in a vocational program (proxy for working class) who are invited to participate because of their lack of academic success, low self-esteem and lack of belief in the future. They are participants in a photovoice study aiming at wellbeing, academic success, safety and a positive view of the future. Their suggestions for change will guide an analysis of the high school’s role in creating a gender equality supportive environment in line with the Swedish gender equality discourse.

  • 49.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Warne, Maria
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Photovoice as a method for increasing Swedish high school girls' wellbeing and school achievement2018In: European Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1101-1262, E-ISSN 1464-360X, Vol. 28, p. 385-385Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 50.
    Gillander Gådin, Katja
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Weiner, Gaby
    Centre for Educational Sociology, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
    Ahlgren, Christina
    Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umeå University, Sweden.
    School health promotion to increase empowerment, gender equality and pupil participation: A focus group study of a Swedish elementary school initiative.2013In: Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, ISSN 0031-3831, E-ISSN 1470-1170, Vol. 57, no 1, p. 54-70Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A school health promotion project was carried out in an elementary school in Sweden where active participation, gender equality, and empowerment were leading principles. The objective of the study was to understand challenges and to identify social processes of importance for such a project. Focus group interviews were conducted with 6 single-sex groups (7–12 year olds) in grade 1–2, grade 3–4, and grade 5–6 on 2 occasions. The analysis used a grounded theory approach. The analysis identified the core category “normalization processes of violence and harassment.” It is argued that school health promotion initiatives need to be aware of normalization processes of violence and, which may be counter-productive to the increase of empowerment and participation among all pupils.

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