Mid Sweden University

There is a suspicion of increased destruction of documents when the Administrative Officer manages the records appraisal in Swedish government authorities, which can lead to a problem regarding the transparency and public access to information. The aim of this thesis was to contribute with knowledge about in which extent an Administrative Officer has the power over practical records appraisal in Swedish government authorities and to find out if the practical power depended on activities within the agencies.

Interviews with Archivists and Administrative Officers at two different Swedish government authorities were conducted in order to see if the activities within the authorities affected how Administrative Officers handled the records appraisal. The study involved a small and a large authority to examine whether different activities could affect the practical power over records appraisal.

The activity theory was used to introduce, present and analyze the survey results. Records Continuum Model is another theory model that was highlighted in the thesis to show the importance of planning the records management even before a record is created.

The result of the case studies showed that there were records not handled according to the rules and policies for one of the studied authorities. It was revealed that Administrative Officers had some practical power over appraisal. The result also showed that the activities within the authorities strongly affected the practical power which Administrative Officers was given. It was shown that, in an authority with a large number of employees and greater flow of information, the Archivist did not reach out with information and routines to the employees. Administrative Officers also had less time to evaluate information when the number of e-mail was a problem.

The purpose of this Encyclopedia is to present the various and evolving interpretations and perspectives on archival concepts, principles and practices.It is designed to aggregate the views of contemporary, well-established and highky regarded archival scholars and professionals and those of new and aspiring scholars and professionals into one, comprehensive work describing past achievements and leading the archival field toward the future.

The Information Systems research group at Mid Sweden University is the result of four separate groups, spread across three disciplines, artificially thrown together because we didn’t seem to fit into other developed research groups. What we were seen to have in common was ‘information’. The disciplines are: Archives and Information Science, Business Management and Organization, and Informatics.

Shortly after this uncertain start, the University launched a demanding internal process for Assessment of Research and Coproduction (ARC13) over the previous five years. We didn’t have that much past together, so we set out to build ourselves a future, exploring our common interests as we gathered data for the evaluation. We pooled our research, hired a facilitator to help with a SWOT analysis, built trust within the group and achieved a remarkably good report from the external assessors. Participation in the multidisciplinary InterPARES Trust in Digital Records in an Increasingly Networked World Project has been an inspiring factor in the Archives and Information Science contribution to our new collaboration. Our Information Systems research group now focuses on five research challenges: Information value, quality, accessibility, sustainability and trustworthiness.  Now we are having fun exploring the possibilities, confident that our InfoSys research group has its own sustainable future.

Legislation is important to recordkeeping strategies and requirements, since it determines which records are needed for legally legitimate actions. Yet the concepts of a document, a record, a case, a transaction, etc., are frequently defined differently in various laws even within national boundaries and are urgently in need of harmonization to minimize complications and barriers to e-business transactions.

Every country has its own legislation system which has been adjusted over time in correlation to national context and its surrounding society (Duranti, 1989-1990, p. 5). Duranti and Goh (2012) provided sound arguments as to why it is important to ensure national archival legislation keeps pace with our digitally networked society with its increasingly blurred borders. In addition to their own national law, members of the European Union (EU) are obliged to follow EU-legislation requirements. There are three types of EU legislation: regulations, directives and decisions. A regulation is applicable in all EU countries. Directives are general rules. A decision is a stipulation of issues of concern for specifically mentioned persons or organizations (European Commission, 2013).  Recommendations and statements are not binding, but may, for example, be used by the EU as support in interpretation of EU-legislation (Sveriges Riksdag, 2013). Hence, within public organizations, there is a close relation between records, recordkeeping processes, legislation and accountability.  Yet research in Sweden has shown that 24/7 e-service web-interfaces serving e-government strategies and ambitions are sometimes developed without consulting recordkeeping professionals, in ignorance of legal requirements for capture of records and that preservation issues are rarely considered when acquiring new digital systems (Kallberg, Svärd and Sundberg, 2010). Several other European studies also identify a lack of recordkeeping awareness within public organizations (Barata, 2004; Valtonen, 2007; Shepherd, Stevenson, & Flinn, 2009; Riksarkivet, 2010). However, there is currently a strong European political ambition to implement eGovernment services, which aims to promote cross-border business development. On the other hand, this challenges archival thinking to meet business, technological and legal requirements stipulated for each country. Varying legal definitions used can cause major problems for transactions both within a country and across national borders, even in something as seemingly simple as exchanging e-invoices. This paper will discuss an approach to identifying a way forward for harmonizing legislation that contains recordkeeping requirements across the EU.

• Identifying the range of / types of laws within countries and EU that define a record
• Using the ICA multilingual terminology database, to check and add to definitions already found there
• Checking against definitions found in international standards.

Research towards harmonizing these crucial definitions will be very challenging, given linguistic and cultural differences but the ICA multilingual terminology database is a potential vehicle for checking existing usage, adding to the definitions and quotations from legalislation and the literature already found there and adding new terms. The foundation version of the ICA-funded Terminology Database, developed as an ICA Section for Archival Educators’ project led and hosted by the University of British Columbia, contains definitions with examples of usage for an initial 300 archival terms across 16 languages. It is planned for public release in the first half of 2013.

References

Barata, K. (2004). Archives in the Digital Age. Journal of the Society of Archivists, 25(1), 63-70.

Duranti, L. (1989-1990). Diplomatics: New Uses for an Old Science (Part II). Archivaria, 29, 4-17.

European Commission (2013). Legislation Retrieved 5 February, 2013, from http://ec.europa.eu/legislation/index_en.htm

Goh, E., Duranti, L. and Chu, S. (2012). Archival legislation for engendering trust in an increasingly networked digital environment. Paper presented at A climate of change: International Council on Archives Congress, Brisbane, 20-24 August, 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2013 from: http://www.ica2012.com/files/data/Full%20papers%20upload/ica12Final00287.pdf

Kallberg, M. , Svärd, P. & Sundberg, H. (2010). Improving Local Government - A Survey of Problems.  Proceedings of the IADIS International Conference e-Society 2010. pp. 76-84.

Riksarkivet (2010). Rapport rörande enkätundersökning - myndigheters hantering av elektroniska handlingar. Stockholm: Riksarkivet.

Shepherd, E., Stevenson, A., & Flinn, A. (2009). The Impact of Freedom of Information on Records Management and Record Use in Local Government: A Literature Review. Journal of the Society of Archivists, 30(2, October ), 227-248.

Sveriges Riksdag (2013). EU-upplysningen Retrieved 6 February, 2013, from http://www.eu-upplysningen.se/Om-EU/Om-EUs-lagar-och-beslutsfattande/EU-rattsliga-principer/

Valtonen, M. R. (2007). Documentation in pre-trial investigation, A study of using the records continuum model as a records management tool. Records Management Journal, 17(3), 179-185.

This paper explores the possibilities for international common core curricula across archival education programmes in three ways. Three universities’ existing but independently developed curricula are analysed to identify common core content. The development of the programmes over time is also described noting some of the influences that have contributed to the current content of the three programmes.            A survey of the views of archival educators on the possibilities and the barriers to developing and sharing courses internationally was also conducted. Some attempts to cooperatively develop shared courses across international borders are also described, demonstrating that collaboration between archival educators is in progress.

The role of the archivist in exploiting and accessing open data as public records in an open government environment is explored.  The possible role, responsibilities and mandate of an archivist in this new public sector context are examined. Necessary knowledge, skills and competence are identified. 

Content:

Expectations of a more proactive release of public records and technical developments that support new ways of publishing and reusing digital information, for example as open data on the internet, create new challenges and change the way public records are managed and made accessible to citizens, which will also involve new professions in the management of records. Fundamentally this raises questions of how, in this new management environment, the trustworthiness of the records could be maintained and how the archives and records management profession could contribute to this, related to other professionals involved in these processes.

In Sweden there is a long tradition of openness and citizens´ right to access public records. But with the implementation of e-government follows a new perception of what openness means and “open government” is a concept that seems to go further and be more proactive. A part of this study will be to analyze and define what is meant by ‘open government’ and ‘open data’ as they are used in Sweden, i.e. how ‘open data’ differs from ‘public records’ for example. In Sweden there is no formal records manager profession, but the archivist often does the corresponding work. That is why this project also includes the archivists´ role in the open government environment.

This study will reflect upon the archivists´ role in this process and what is needed to ensure a trusted proactive release of public records. To identify what skills, guidelines, knowledge and mandate are needed. The study will focus on StockholmCity’s work on open data, which is an important part of the open government agenda, through the perspective of Stockholm City Archives.

Scientific contribution:

Case study methods are used to examine the role of the archivist in the domain of access to public records in an open government and open data environment. The study examines what role an archivist in the public sector currently has, and what knowledge, skills and competence are needed for these new challenges.

Interpretation of existing work and the perception of the situation by practicing archivists in this changing environment provide valuable data. The case study is based on the City of Stockholm because it is quite progressive in its work on open data. It is now running an open data project, in which the Stockholm City Archive plays an active role. The role of the archivist in practice, experiences and possible needs and missing factors will be explored. Data will be collected by interviews and text analysis. Needed strategies and guidelines will be identified.

Detta är den första publikationen i skriftserien Arkiv- och informationsvetenskap vid Mittuniversitetet producerad av Centrum för digital informationsförvaltning (CEDIF) vid Avdelningen för Arkiv- och Datavetenskap (ADV), Mittuniversitetet. Rapporten redovisar delar av det projektarbete som genomförts under namnet GoInfo (God Informationsförvaltning), under åren 2012-2015 med medel från Länsstyrelsen Västernorrland, Mittuniversitetet, Härnösands kommun och Riksarkivet Härnösand. Skriftserien är inspirerad av den tidigare rapportserien Arkiv-och informationsvetenskap vid Mitthögskolan, som utkom med sex nummer åren 1999-2000. I förordet till det första numret skrev redaktör Torbjörn Kjölstad “Det är vår förhoppning att rapportserien skall kunna förmedla en del av arkiv- och informationsvetenskapliga verksamheten vid Mitthögskolan. Vi har naturligtvis en strävan att presentera nya resultat inom detta mycket breda forskningsområde men också – och väl så viktigt – nya problemställningar och metodiska experiment”1. Vårt mål med den aktuella serien är densamma som i den tidigare: att dela med oss och sprida resultaten av vår forskning och kunskap.Ämnet arkivkunskap och dokumenthantering startade läsåret 1988/89 som en grundkurs vid Högskolan i Sundsvall/Härnösand, som senare blev Mitthögskolan. 1997 bedömde Högskoleverket att det uppfyllde kraven för magisterutbildning och magisterexamen och samma år ändrades benämningen till arkiv- och informationsvetenskap och år 2005 blev Mitthögskolan fullvärdigt universitet - Mittuniversitetet. Sedan universitet har fått ett allt större fokus på forskning så har också vårt ämne försökt att etablera en mer uttalad forskningsplattform. Det första större projekt ”Framtidens Arkiv” kom också att utgöra startskott för en rekrytering av en professur som tillsattes 2008. I Framtidens Arkiv rekryterades också ett par doktorander Erik Borglund och Lena-Maria Öberg som i anslutning till det projektet och via projekt som Bygga Villa och SMEdoc också disputerade.2 I slutet av 2009 beviljades medel till projekt CEDIF, som fick stöd av EU Europeiska regionala utvecklingsfond, Länsstyrelsen Västernorrland, Mittuniversitetet, Härnösands kommun och Sundsvalls kommun 2009-2012. Projektet syftade till att utveckla modeller för effektiv och långsiktig förvaltning av information inom framför allt offentlig sektor men även privat näringsliv. Inom detta projekt rekryterades doktorander Maria Kallberg och Proscovia Svärd. Maria Kallberg avslutade i december 2013 sin forskarutbildning inom GoInfo med avhandlingen ’The Emperor’s New Clothes’ - Recordkeeping in a New Context3, och samtidigt vinnare av Bureanska priset vid Mittuniversitetet. 2009 doktorerade Anneli Sundqvist med avhandlingen Search Processes, User Behaviour and Archival Representational Systems4.När detta skrivs är totalt tre doktorander aktiva vid avdelningen. Inom GoInfo har Ann-Sofie Klareld varit aktiv som doktorand. Ämnet arkiv- och informationsvetenskap har växt och mognat sedan starten 1988-1989. Utbildningen på grund- och masternivå har utökats med utbildning på forskarnivå och ett forskningsprogram.Sidorna som följer innehåller summeringar och reflektioner från GoInfo. Först ut är projektledaren Göran Samuelsson, som inleder med en övergripande beskrivning. Kapitlen som följer speglar GoInfos delprojekt och forskningsresultat. Ann-Sofie Klareld har skrivit om Arkivets roll inom e-förvaltningen. Sedan får vi insikter från Ann-Sofie Klareld och Annalena Olsson, (Riksarkivet i Härnösand) om Arkivmyndighetens roll i samarbets- och utvecklingsprojekt, utifrån Riksarkivets deltagande i flera projekt, inte minst e-ARD5, sponsrat av e-Delegationen. Karen Anderson och Göran Samuelsson presenterar i kapitlet Omvärldsanalys och teoretiska utgångspunkter de influenser som påverkat vår forskning, som bland annat haft en bas i den modell för informationsförsörjning som utvecklats av Göran Samuelsson. Kapitlet innehåller även några preliminära tankar om hur vi kan använda modellen i anslutning till de mer teoretiska modeller som används inom arkivvetenskap och praktik som; livscykelmodellen, Records Continuum modellen och OAIS-modellen. I kapitlet Myndighetsnätverket och GoInfo, rapporterar Ann-Sofie Klareld om hennes aktionsforskning och utmaningen att balansera rollen som forskare med förväntningar på verksamhetsutveckling. De följande tre kapitlen presentera mer konkreta forskning- och utvecklings ansatser i den kommunala miljön med ett stort fokus på GoInfos samverkans partner Härnösands kommun. Göran Samuelsson och Stefan Berggren ger ett Förslag till modell för strategiarbete för god informationsförvaltning, med användning av några av standarderna kring verksamhetsinformation bland annat ISO/SS 30300 och Riksarkivets RA FS 2009:16.Maria Kallberg skriver om Centraliserad diariefunktion, ett projekt som hon initierade i sin roll som kommunarkivarie i Härnösands kommun och sedan fortsatte att utforska som en del av sitt doktorandprojekt. Stefan Berggren, nuvarande kommunarkivarie i Härnösands kommun, och Göran Samuelsson beskriver sedan arbetet med hantera kommunens lönedata och hur man integrerar den nuvarande digitala hanteringen med äldre pappersbaserade informationen i kapitlet Lönedatafångst. I detta arbete har man försökt att praktiskt tillämpa de framtagna de förvaltningsgemensamma specifikationer för personalsystem (FGS Personal), som togs fram under e-ARD projektet. I ett avslutande avsnitt skriver Göran Samuelsson om Bevarande av geodata, ett alltmer viktigt område eftersom ’everything happens somewhere’ och att dessa data integreras med alltfler verksamhetssystem.Vår förhoppning är att du som läsarna ska kunna dra nytta av och även hämta kunskap från vår forskning, samt inspireras och utmanas att delta och bidra till den framtida arkiv- och informationsvetenskapliga forskningen.

In this article the focus is how to train collaboration and communication between emergency authorities in two countries (Norway and Sweden) by using a web-based tool supporting tabletop like exercises. The exercises are accomplished in three steps: Scenario design; exercise design and realization; and evaluation to examine the results of the exercises and for feedback to new scenario designs. The software ties all three steps together. The process is iterative, and involves users from each emergency authority. The preliminary results after two years show that the approach is promising. To be able to better foresee what will happen during an exercise the need for a simulator has appeared as one desirable and possible direction for further research.

More and more information is “going to the cloud,” including records and archives. This article focuses on understanding trust-in-cloud solutions from an archivist’s perspective, exploring whether cloud computing has changed the archivist’s role and how archivists respond to cloud-related problems and challenges. Twelve archivists in Sweden were interviewed in Swedish. They describe changes in their role due to cloud computing and services in the domain of archival science. Their role has changed from being reactive to becoming proactive, guarding not only the organization’s needs and assets but also its archival records. Working proactively implies guaranteeing that requirements are updated and that contracts and agreements between the organization and cloud service provider are correct. The research shows that trust consists of several dimensions and cannot be easily achieved with technical solutions. Organizations’ risk-tolerance levels have also changed to take advantage of the benefits and savings that cloud services provide for organizations.

Purpose – The aim of the article is to investigate what characterizes the information constructs that the archival discourse and the open data discourse communicate in text, and what their similarities and differences are. This article proposes that it is possible to see the open data initiative and modern archival practice as two discourses that have used different terminology to express and communicate their messages in the literature. In this article, we have applied a hypothesis-like assumption that the information constructs used in open data are actually nothing other than records, as they are in the archival discourse. Design/methodology/approach – This article is based on a mixed method approach.Aquantitative text analysis (word count) was carried out in a large set of documents representing the open data discourse and in the archival discourse. This was followed by a qualitative text analysis. Findings – It was found that both discourses did focus on records. However, the opendata discourse very seldom used the term record, but used information and data much more frequently. The archival discourse used the term information almost as often as record. A possible adaption of communication strategies can be identified, targeting a much wider audience through a user-centered approach. This could be an indication of a change in the archival discourse, which seems to be moving from a discourse that is very much regulated by law toward a discourse that is more focused on benefit and usability. Originality/value – This research indicates that it is possible to interpret both the open data and the archival discourse as one united discourse, an effect derived from working with e-government. There is an ongoing harmonization of the words used, and in the studied archival discourse, a more user- and business-oriented focus can be seen.

To increase the preparedness Crisis response and management authorities carry out various forms of exercises. This article is based upon a three year long project named Gaining security symbiosis (GSS). The project was aiming to increase the collaboration between crisis actors in the Swedish-Norway border region through exercises. We argue that creation of scenarios is a design challenge. In the GSS project, the exercises are built upon designed scenarios, which should make the exercise realistic and make the trainee train the expected. We propose a scenario design method that is built upon an iterative approach and that includes collaboration with the actors that are involved in the exercise. The method also includes a set of characteristics that could be used to evaluate the events of the scenario. The method have been developed and refined during the project and show some promising result. There is however a need for future research when it comes to further development and evaluation of the proposed design method.

This research addresses challenges of trust in online financial trade. That is a pivotal factor both to clients and the business domain, and the understanding of trust is important to the realization of Europe 2020 vision to create a sustainable, smart and inclusive growth. Self-ethnography has been used to get an in-depth understanding of challenges in a real life setting, where observations, conversations and interviews have been done. Results indicate that there are severe challenges in regards to trust. Misbehavior of companies and brokers, along with patterns of fear and greed, and high risks in the way technology is used, has made many people lose big amounts of money and created a notion of distrust. A framework for trustworthiness in the business domain is required, which includes individuals, business relations as well as the technological and societal context. In this framework records management play an important role.

In the democratic process, of discussion and decision making, there is a need of reliable and authentic information. Archives are authentic and reliable information and also provides long term accessibility. But the public archives potential isn´t utilized enough at a societal level. The public archives are organized in a decentralised manner, and there are no common accesspoint at a national level. In the thesis this issue of accessibility and use at a societal level, is discussed in terms of collective memory. In a digital environment, these organizational limits could probably be overcome, but there is a need for new goals, perspectives and frameworks for the management of public archives. In an e-government context, interoperability is often mentioned in the discussion of accessibility. Interoperability could be understood as the ability of diverse organizations to interact together towards common goals, and include technological, semantic, organizational, legal and political aspects. The hypothesis like assumption of the thesis is that interoperability could contribute to making the archives a more significant part of the collective memory.The thesis uses a case study methodology, and a critical discourse textual analyses. Records Continuum Model and archival perspective about collective memory, particularly Jimersons distinction of collective memory from other types of memory, is used as a theoretical frame for the analyses. The case is the project e-archives and e-diarium, which is a Swedish E-delegation project, driven by the National Archives. Central documents from the project is analysed, as is important documents for the work on e-government for the contextual understanding.The results indicate that interoperability may contribute to making the archives a more significant part of the collective memory, practically and discursively. Practically, it provides conditions to share information and remove barriers for interaction. Discursively, it contributes to an overall perspective of public administration, and switch the view from each single organization to the citizens and the society as a whole where the information is seen as a common societal resource. Interoperability is also an important factor in the development of a common information architecture for the whole of the public administration. This change in perspective could make the archives, when included in the e-government, change perspective from the archives creators to the end users and society at large, and give more effort in making the archives accessible in the collective dimension.

Game Analytics is a research field that appeared recently. Game developers have the ability to analyze how customers use their products down to every button pressed. This can result in large amounts of data and the challenge is to make sense of it all. The challenges with game data is often described with the same characteristics used to define Big Data: volume, velocity and variability. This should mean that there is potential for a fruitful collaboration. The purpose of this study is to analyze and evaluate what possibilities Big Data has to develop the Game Analytics field. To fulfill this purpose a literature review and semi-structured interviews with people active in the gaming industry were conducted. The results show that the sources agree that valuable information can be found within the data you can store, especially in the monetary, general and core values to the specific game. With more advanced analysis you may find other interesting patterns as well but nonetheless the predominant way seems to be sticking to the simple variables and staying away from digging deeper. It is not because data handling or storing would be tedious or too difficult but simply because the analysis would be too risky of an investment. Even if you have someone ready to take on all the challenges game data sets up, there is not enough trust in the answers or how useful they might be. Visions of the future within the field are very modest and the nearest future seems to hold mostly efficiency improvements and a widening of the field, making it reach more people. This does not really post any new demands or requirements on the data handling.

Abstract

The rapid ongoing technical development has led to increased production of digital records and transactions. In the domain of electronic archives, this has put pressure on the technical area in order to guarantee authenticity of preserved information over time.

Time stamping techniques are one way to secure digital information at a certain point in time and can be employed to guarantee authenticity of digital information over time. This study examines the function of time stamping within the domain of electronic archives and is conducted with a qualitative method using semi-structured interviews on five Swedish organisations. The study is complemented with a case-study of the Swedish innovation company Enigio Time AB in order to gain understanding in time stamping techniques and their service time:stamp.

                      The theoretical framework in this study is the records continuum model with the view of the continuity in records and its illumination of the point of creation. The international standard OAIS (Open Archival Information System) is used by several electronic models to manage digital information and is, in this study, used to analyse the management in record keeping within the five organisations.

                      The conclusion is that this rapid technological development has complicated the management of secure digital records from manipulation and guaranteeing the authenticity in a long term perspective.

                      The study further shows that organisations may guarantee that records will not change once they are received into the archive but the authenticity of them, before they were delivered, can never be confirmed. Since the modern information era produces and preserves enormous amounts of data, this has to start with the creation of the digital record where better structured metadata schemes are secured in time.

Den här uppsatsen handlar om hur organisationer som omfattas av offentlighethetslagstiftningen men samtidigt bedriver affärsverksamhet på en konkurrensutsatt marknad uppfyller både offentlighetslagstiftningens krav kring hantering av allmänna handlingar och de krav som uppkommer från verksamheten.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att ge kunskap om vilka faktorer som påverkar uppfyllnad av offentlighetslagstiftningens krav kring allmänna handlingar i offentligt affärsverksamhet som agerar på en konkurrensutsatt marknad.

Uppsatsen är baserad på en fallstudie av affärsverket Luftfartsverket (LFV) och omfattar intervjuer, litteratur och dokumentstudier av både interna och externa dokument samt granskning av ett antal kammarrättsdomar rörande utlämnade av allmänna handlingar från LFV där beslutet har nekats med hänvisning till affärssekretess och sedan överklagats till kammarrätten.

Uppsatsen huvudsakliga slutsatser är:

 Lagstiftningen ger möjligheter att skydda affärskritisk information. Det finns dock en oro både inom verket och hos samarbetspartners att de som är satta att tillämpa regelverket vid begäran om utlämnade inte har tillräcklig kunskap att bedöma vad som är affärskritiskt för olika organisationer

 Det finns viss administration kopplat till hantering av allmänna handlingar i ett affärsverk som en konkurrent som inte omfattas av offentlighetsprincipsregelverket inte har. Det finns både positiva och negativa effekter för ett affärsverk av denna administration och det har inte i denna studie kunnat påvisas vilket som överväger.

 Vid förändringar i omvärlden är det av stor vikt att man gör en konsekvensanalys över hur regelverken ska tolkas och hanteras internt i organisationen om detta inte görs så kan det innebära att olika individer och grupper av medarbetare hanterar regelverken olika.

 Medarbetarnas kunskap, insikt och tillämpning är avgörande för framgång. 

Denna studie fokuserar på den mänskliga faktorn av informationssäkerhet. Människan tenderar att vara en svag länk i en organisations försvar mot hot till informationssäkerheten. Angripare utnyttjar denna svaghet genom att manipulera de anställda att utföra åtgärder som gynnar angriparen.  Genom en studie av etablerade ramverk, standarder och modern litteratur har denna studie presenterat vilka säkerhetsrisker som existerar samt rekommendationer hur en organisation kan skydda dess användare mot dessa kritiska säkerhetsrisker. De kritiska säkerhetsrisker som har presenterats i denna studie är aktuella risker som påverkar alla moderna organisationer. Studiens resultat visar att den mänskliga faktorn spelar en viktig roll inom informationssäkerheten och bör behandlas därefter. Studien fann att det finns en mängd aktuella risker inom informationssäkerheten som relaterar till den mänskliga faktorn och varierar i allt från dataintrång till riktade attacker.

Inom offentlig förvaltning pågår ett kontinuerligt utvecklingsarbete i syfte att effektivera och utveckla verksamheten. Vid Centrum för Digital Informationsförvaltning (CEDIF) bedrevs projektet God informationsförvaltning (GOINFO) i form av tillämpad forskning i nära samverkan med statliga och kommunala myndigheter. Denna artikel beskriver initieringen, genomförandet och utvärderingen av ett delforskningsprojekt rörande verksamhetsutveckling av en kommunal centraliserad diariefunktion. Projektet har bedrivits under 2013. Projektets forskningsdesign kan beskrivas som ett möte mellan forskning och praktik baserat på aktionsforskningens idé om att giltig kunskap är den kunskap som utvecklats genom handling samt ett väl fungerande samarbete mellan forskaren och praktiken. Mötet skall vara kunskapsutvecklande för bägge parter och kunna bidra till verksamhetsutveckling till gagn för dels funktionen, dels organisationen som helhet. 

Various levels of government offer citizens different channels and services using information technology (IT). Within e-government different types of “e-services” are used. The communications are made through a user interface consisting of an e-service application. E-services are used for digital management of routine matters: records are created, received, maintained, used and disposed during the processes of capturing and maintaining evidence about business activities and transactions. Besides e-services, public administrations are establishing new channels organised as contact centres, in order to interact more efficiently with the citizens. The establishment of contact centres could be seen as an expression of an integrated approach to manage and control information flows in order to improve and ensure effective services. The purpose of this paper is to identify recordkeeping challenges related to public organisations’ e-government development and documentation practice. The data presented and analysed are based on a qualitative study of Swedish local governments’ (municipalities) establishment and implementation of contact centres during 2011. The study was designed as a multiple case study, using interviews as a data collection method. The findings demonstrate that the establishment of contact centres has other motives than the traditional need to use information as evidence for decision making: namely internal business process development and cost savings. The information is captured proactively and serves different purposes, which challenges the strong bond between processes, legislation, organisation and accountability. This paper will be of interest to record-keeping practitioners working in the shift to e-government. Information is captured in new ways where the same information serves several interests. This research addresses the importance of including research in the beginning of the life of the record in relation to the influence made by the creator and the social construction of the record as part of archival thinking and research.

Purpose – In order to work more efficiently with internal and external processes, public organisations are working with reorganisation and centralisation of documentation practices as part of a holistic approach to manage and control information flows. The registry function has a long tradition built on legislative requirements concerning registration of official documents in order to fulfil the citizens’ right to access information. The study demonstrates challenges related to recordkeeping legislative awareness within a public organisation and how a changing context may impact on the registrars’ status.

Methodology – The data presented and analysed is based on a longitudinal case study of a centralised registry function project undertaken by a Swedish local government body (a municipality). Interviews have been used as the primary data collection method.

Findings – The findings identify challenges that result from a lack of recordkeeping skills and recordkeeping legislative awareness that needs to be solved in order to reach a successful implementation. Even though the registry function is identified as strategically important, the registrars have not reached the status ‘expert’. Changing context does not necessarily lead to a change in status. It is a more complex process, which includes attitudes, knowledge and skills.  

Research limitations/implications – The research is limited by being a case study in a single organisation in the Swedish public sector context.

Practical implications – The findings could be useful for public organisations that intend to reorganise and centralise documentation practices. Furthermore, the findings contribute to recordkeeping practitioners and also to stakeholders within public organisations.

Originality – Registrars as an occupational group in Sweden have not been the focus of any extensive academic research. In view of its new strategic importance the registry function has benefitted from organisational restructuring; research is needed on registrars as a possible future ‘records management profession’, which does not currently exist in Sweden.

This thesis examines if and how information capture and documentation practices and the function of the public archive are changing in relation to archival concepts in contemporary administrative settings, as a result of e-government strategic development. The study aims for a holistic approach from the beginning of the life of the records to their long-term preservation.

This research is situated in Sweden where the recordkeeping legislation takes a holistic approach: records management is understood as a dimension of the archival function and therefore records managers have not been recognised as a professional group, however recordkeeping practice involves two occupational groups: registrars and archivists. Swedish recordkeeping legislation is based on long administrative traditions in which the public right of free access to official documents is fundamental. Registration of official documents is important as the means of facilitating the citizens´ right to free access information and registrars are primarily responsible for this process, including classification. Archivists manage the full range of recordkeeping tasks, acting not only as custodians of repositories but also strategic experts on recordkeeping as well as auditing on behalf of the archival authority.  The archive legally consists of all the ‘official documents’ created or received in the organisation.

This is an explorative and documented case study that used several local government bodies (municipalities) for the data collection by document analysis and interviews. Swedish municipalities are particularly interesting because they are autonomous in relation to the national government, with complex organisational structures consisting of several politically controlled committees and administrative departments that implement political decisions and provide services to the public. The National Archives does not have any supervisory role or monitoring function over local governments, but it does publish guidelines on recordkeeping. Nevertheless, the municipalities are controlled to a large extent by the implemented policies decided at national level by the Government and Parliament. Therefore, national initiatives regarding e-government have impacted on the municipalities’ recordkeeping.

A theoretical lens combining archival science and theory of professions has been chosen to analyse the observed changes in practice. The thesis analyses the issue of recordkeeping awareness in three arenas: the legal arena; the political arena; and the workplace arena in the light of the records continuum model.

The research findings demonstrate a gap between the legal and workplace arenas caused by lack of recordkeeping awareness primarily within the political arena. Despite the holistic view of keeping archives expressed in the recordkeeping legislation, observed practice appears closer to a life cycle model than proactive continuum thinking and planning.  A lack of recordkeeping legislation awareness in the wider organisation is potentially leading to a division between records management and archives management, jeopardising the continuum approach. Consequently registrars may in the future become more like records managers and archivists may be losing part of their professional jurisdiction. There is a strong focus on business benefits to the organisation rather than the wider view of democratic values and cultural heritage. As a result: archivists seem to suffer a lack of resources as well as skills in order to carry out their responsibilities. The future role of archival authorities such as the National Archives is unclear.

In connection with the enlargement of the European Union from 15 to 25 member states in 2004 an expert group was given the task by the Council of the European Union to write a report on archive cooperation. This thesis identifies and analyses ideas concerning the roles that the expert group wishes the archives to take in its relation towards the administration and discusses what effect this is regarded to have on democracy and democratization. The European states vary greatly among themselves regarding archival contexture, administrative organization and democratic traditions. Each state has its own unique development, colored by historical and cultural differences. Despite of this, there is a vision of some common fundamental values that the expert group wants to be established in the whole Union. The author concludes that the report advocates close cooperation between archives and administration, at the same time as a clear division of labor between the professions of each field, since this is seen as the best way to promote democratic participation. The arguments for this view raised by the expert group have to do with openness, accountability and good governance. The thesis also identifies three ideals expressed in the report as fundamental in a democratic society: the good administration, the objective archive and the active, well informed citizen.

This article explores three different discourse, found by analyzing a panel discussion on digital archives held in Sweden in 2011. The aim was to identify the varying implications of different discourse on the holistic concept of the archive. The overall aim was to increase understanding of information governance within the context of e-government. To this end, discourse theory is used to compare and analyze ideas and visions connected to digital archives and then discuss whether the differences depend on different perceptions of the concept of the archive. The result shows that plans and suggestions connected to digital archives vary greatly, possibly as an effect of conflicting discourse. This article argues that the concept of the archive is multifaceted and that it is important to take into account the power of discourse when discussing and planning for archives and records creation, management, preservation and use.

Proactive records management is often described as a prerequisite for a well-functioning public administration that is efficient, legally secure and democratic. In the context of e-government, official information is seen as a valuable asset, which is why technical solutions are developed to improve accessibility and reusability. Yet how to 'capture' and preserve the information is still unclear, and adaptations of routines which have originated in a paper based administration to practices suitable for managing digital records are often lacking. This risks impeding on the work of public agencies, their services toward citizens, and the goals of e-government. This paper uses current plans for developing a national e-archive service in Sweden as a case, applying literary warrant and the records continuum model to discuss how archives management can support the goals of e-government and facilitate proactivity. A special focus is placed on 'capture' as a vital part of holistic recordkeeping. The result shows that despite regulations and ambitions supporting proactivity, 'capture' is not emphasized as a necessity for using, sharing and preserving official information. This could create archives that are incomplete, and risk contributing to a decline in governmental transparency and openness.

Traditionally, public records have been handled and preserved by each creating or receiving agency separately. The existing legal framework in Sweden is still based on this principle. However, recent developments – digital technologies paired with new ways of working – create a more dispersed and complex body of archives. What this means for the practical records management can be discussed. This paper explores the potential consequences of implementing an outsourcing policy at a public agency, by focusing on issues actualized and seen as important by employees. The aim is to understand how the creation of public archives may be affected. The chosen research approach, phenomenography, aims to capture variation in perceptions and describe the range of possible interpretations on a particular topic. Semi structured interviews were conducted with 15 representatives from the agency. The result identified seven matters of particular importance, including effects on information governance, knowledge transfer, and the role of a public agency.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study how the concept "middle archive" is related to the Swedish archival theory and practice, by exploring its background and its practical and theoretical implications. The overarching aim is to increase the understanding of the interrelations between the archival theory and practice, with a special focus on changes occurring in the digital environment in Sweden. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on a qualitative study of texts produced between 2010 and 2013, which were read and analyzed iteratively. The research design and analysis is inspired by Dryden (2014) who recommends taking the context into account. The three types of digital repository developed by Millar (2010) are used as a comparison to further extend the understanding of the concept of the "middle archive". Findings – The findings indicate that the "middle archive" was introduced as a solution to practical problems of managing digital records, and that there is a need to further discuss how the term relates to existing theoretical, legal and administrative contexts. Research limitations/implications – The study is limited to contemporary Sweden. The researcher did not follow the discussions and drafts which contributed to the development of the final definitions of the "middle archive". Originality/value – The study contributes to the research and development of archival concepts, with a special focus on recent developments in Sweden. The paper highlights some of the challenges relating to archives and records in the context of e- government development.

Employees are increasingly using private devices like smartphones or tablets for use in their workplaces. “Bring Your Own Device" (BYOD) is a concept for connecting employees´ devices to company networks and computers. BYOD-solutions involve security risks, e.g when information is transferred to, or stored on private devices. The user's way of handling the device may also pose risks for example in the form of viruses, password protection and the way to manage the information available on the device. This paper focuses on finding recommendations on how businesses should proceed to avoid or prevent the largest security risks in a BYOD solution. Major security risks are identified from a theoretical study. Some examples of risks are user behavior patterns, Wi-Fi connections and loss of a device. Six interviews have then been conducted with different organizations to get an overview of BYOD solutions in use today. The interviews together with the theoretical findings have resulted in 40 recommendations on BYOD security. These recommendations is among other things about, training users in a safe usage, to review the information security, using a security at the application level and to establish a policy for BYOD. The recommendations provide opportunities for organizations to avoid risks with BYOD.

En stor del av befolkningen i Sverige som flyttar gör det inom länets gränser, i och med det kan journaler och handlingar som finns om personen behöva förflyttas. På grund av projektet Framtidens arkiv har alla kommuner i Gävleborgs län bestämt sig för att ingå i ett samarbete kring införandet av e-arkiv.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera hur metadatahantering skulle kunna skapa en gemensam grund för samverkan, och därmed främja samarbete med hjälp av metadata. Då en enhetlig metadata underlättar återsökandet av information oberoende på var den finns, med hjälp av bland annat metadatascheman och FGS:er. För att belysa hur detta skulle kunna göras har jag i uppsatsen valt att konkret studera hur kommunerna arbetar med dokumentationen kring elevhälsan. Dessa journaler är inte bara viktiga för att de påvisar elevens hälsoutveckling, utan de kan även användas som bevismaterial vid rättsliga åtgärder där t.ex. polis, socialtjänst och domstol måste involveras.

Om metadata och/eller FGS:er införs kan man underlätta hur kommuner skickar och tar emot journaler samt hanteringen av dessa då de inkommit till arkivet. FGS är metadata som markerar och paketerar information. I uppsatsen jämförs metadatastrukturer; eARD projektet, R7e-arkiv och PMO.

Resultatet blev 12 tabeller, en tabell är utformad efter vad jag anser att en elevhälsovårdsjournal bör innehålla för att uppfylla de krav som ställs av lagen, kommunen och skapare/användare.

Tabellerna som R7e-arkiv skapat för inleveransspecifikationer för journaler, anpassade jag efter elevhälsovården. Det finns även en egentillverkad tabell över de element som saknas i de tidigare R7e-tabeller då de inte var ämnade att användas av flera mottagare.

Jag anser att det finns goda förutsättningar för att skapa ett fungerande samarbete emellan kommuner. En gemensam metadatastruktur är ett krav för att detta ska fungera.

The video-game business is relatively young in relation to the software andentertainment industries. One of the major challenges for video-gamedevelopers is long-term human resource planning. Due to missing historicaldata in combination with applicable estimations methods, it is close toimpossible to perform such planning. The first sub-goal of this study is tocollect historical data about the structures and sizes of game development teamsinvolved in developing "Triple-A" games (professionally-developed games witha large budget) for PC. The collection of data is done through the websitemobygames.com. The second sub-goal is to examine whether the collected datacould be applied to an existing model for use in the forecasting of futurestaffing needs. The two models selected for this purpose are the trend analysismodel and the ratio analysis model. The result shows it is possible to build up adatabase with historical data. Trend analysis shows that the size of projectteams over the past 20 years has evolved almost linearly and ratio analysisshows clear relationships between the sizes of different occupational groups.

The demand for and supply of location based services (LBS) is constantly growing, which in turn leads to an unquenchable thirst for affordable, scalable localisation solutions in all kinds of surroundings. Technical solutions that are easy to set up at a new location and whose hardware components are simple and affordable, are especially of interest.This paper describes an experimental system designed for positioning a client in particularly challenging indoor environments – wether it's due to local electromagnetic fields, large moving objects or slanted surfaces, basically whatever could create difficulties in radiowave based positioning. This system consists of a number of wifi routers and a signal receiver connected to a computer running the central software component. The results were assessed out of an expected level of accuracy, namely that no more than half of the estimates are off by two meters or more, with an upper limit of no more than 90 percent of the estimates being off by three meters or more. In order to achieve this, the software includes algorithms designed to lessen the effect of signal disruption. A Kalman filter gives the system a better interpretation of sensor data, while the (for the field) common estimation method of Location Fingerprinting gets reinforced by an experimental array of artificial neural networks. As this paper will show, the system will within the initial testing fulfill the set criteria to satisfaction, however it will need future trials in a row of varying environments so as to give an indication of its general usefulness.

When developing electronic learning applications, usability is an important factor. What is useful depends on the user's needs and abilities. Learning applications often have a heterogeneous target group. The aim of this thesis was to answer the question of how e-learning applications can adapt usability for different learning styles. The survey was conducted by means of literature studies and interviews with educational publishers. Parts of the learning style model by Dunn & Dunn, specifically perceptual preference and information processing, have been related to the current guidelines for usability of e-learning applications. The survey has shown that customized learning applications favor usefulness and that studies tailored to individual learning style have better results. It also shows that the behaviors and learning styles change with age. E-learning applications can be individually adjusted by containing several different paths to learning outcomes and allowing users to select and structure their own learning environment. Developers of e-learning applications need to consider both the technical usability (managing the platform) and pedagogical usability (learning the content). By incorporating methods that are suitable for both visual, auditory, kinesthetic and tactile preference and for analytic and global information processing, the educational application can provide a more complete support for the user-group's learning process. Meanwhile, balance and restriction is needed in order to not overwhelm users with options. The interface should be intuitive and consistent, so as not to detract from the content. The material should be divided, in order to reduce the cognitive load. Users need to feel in control of the learning environment, to strengthen motivation. The study shows that educational publishers already have good experience from prioritizing versatility. Adapting learning style models can help with structure and balance to ensure that no aspect is overlooked.

Technological advances, particularly in the areas of processing and storage have made it possible to gather an unprecedented vast and heterogeneous amount of data. The evolution of the internet, particularly Social media, the internet of things, and mobile technology together with new business trends has precipitated us in the age of Big data and add complexity to the integration task. The objective of this study has been to explore the question of data heterogeneity trough the deployment of a systematic literature review methodology. The study surveys the drivers of this data heterogeneity, the inner workings of it, and it explores the interrelated fields and technologies that deal with the capture, organization and mining of this data and their limitations. Developments such as Hadoop and its suit components together with new computing paradigms such as cloud computing and virtualization help palliate the unprecedented amount of rapidly changing, heterogeneous data which we see today. Despite these dramatic developments, the study shows that there are gaps which need to be filled in order to tackle the challenges of Web 3.0.