Mid Sweden University

There is a suspicion of increased destruction of documents when the Administrative Officer manages the records appraisal in Swedish government authorities, which can lead to a problem regarding the transparency and public access to information. The aim of this thesis was to contribute with knowledge about in which extent an Administrative Officer has the power over practical records appraisal in Swedish government authorities and to find out if the practical power depended on activities within the agencies.

Interviews with Archivists and Administrative Officers at two different Swedish government authorities were conducted in order to see if the activities within the authorities affected how Administrative Officers handled the records appraisal. The study involved a small and a large authority to examine whether different activities could affect the practical power over records appraisal.

The activity theory was used to introduce, present and analyze the survey results. Records Continuum Model is another theory model that was highlighted in the thesis to show the importance of planning the records management even before a record is created.

The result of the case studies showed that there were records not handled according to the rules and policies for one of the studied authorities. It was revealed that Administrative Officers had some practical power over appraisal. The result also showed that the activities within the authorities strongly affected the practical power which Administrative Officers was given. It was shown that, in an authority with a large number of employees and greater flow of information, the Archivist did not reach out with information and routines to the employees. Administrative Officers also had less time to evaluate information when the number of e-mail was a problem.

Innehåll:

Börje Alström & Lowe Hedman: Projektet nyheter 2020

Börje Alström & Lowe Hedman: Ett medieföretags förutsättningar

Börje Alström & Lowe Hedman: Reklamen i dagspressen

Asta Cepaite: Förändringar i livsstilar - förändringar i medieanvändning?

The aim of the article is to evaluate how Distributed Concurrent Design works during collaboration in a distributed system development project. We studied collaboration between emergency authorities in Sweden and Norway developing a demonstrator for emergency training. Evaluation criteria were people, processes, and tools. We have used a multi-method approach with the evaluation criterion as a lens. Findings has so far shown that distributed concurrent design works as a method in system development projects but much effort must be put on planning, management and training in available tools.

Educators and trainers in the field of archives and records management face the challenge of providing for practitioners with a widely varying educational background while preparing them for a professional environment that has changed rapidly in recent years.  Development of research programs is also crucial to the advancement of the profession and the survival of university-based professional education in the discipline.  Competency standards for records management are discussed, including their appropriate role in training and education for practioners. Examples of education and training programs from around the world are mentioned, although the coverage in this article is not intended to be exhaustive.  The role of professional associations as providers of training and in supporting and evaluating professional education programs is also addressed. The International Council on Archives Section for Archival Educators and Trainers provides a community of practice for educators and trainers. Its objectives and recent activities are described.

A wide and growing range of career choices is available to archivists and records managers. Traditional employers are national and regional archives, but there are many opportunities for specialising in aspects of the profession and the types of organisations served by the archives. Professionals with the necessary expertise required to manage digital services are in demand. Initiatives to support people of indigenous origin joining the profession and encouragement for the development of community archives are an area of growing interest.

Purpose – This paper aims to explore the definitions of and the differences between education and training and the role of each in nurturing and supporting lifelong learning for records professionals: records managers and archivists.

Design/methodology/approach – General definitions of “education”, “training”, “competence” and “competencies” have been deliberately selected as an accessible starting-point for reflection. Different models for competencies and the lack of consensus on what constitutes an appropriate competency model for the profession are considered.

Findings – Education provides new professionals with knowledge of theory of the discipline and helps them to explore current practice. It provides the information-seeking skills and encourages a reflective habit that underpins independent lifelong learning. Training focuses on acquisition of specific skills and competencies necessary in the workplace. More is needed for a viable professional future; education for research is essential to the development of professional knowledge and for the survival of education programmes in universities.

Practical implications – Professional associations as leaders of opinion and practice have an important role in finding the way forward. Although competency standards are more appropriate for evaluating training programmes, professional associations which have embraced competency standards have attempted to use them to evaluate education programmes, but prefer not to consider evaluating training programmes and training providers.

Originality/value – This paper aims to raise awareness of the need to give appropriate weight to education, training and research to ensure that records professionals are known for high levels of competence as well as productive reflection and creative forward thinking.

The International Council on Archives Section for Archival Educators and Trainers (ICA/SAE) has had a research agenda as one of its projects for eight years, but to date there has been little contribution and no real outcomes. A research database has also been developed by ICA/SAE, with the purpose of documenting research projects of any size from dissertations to collaborative projects. It remains to encourage researchers and research students to record their projects and keep them up to date. One of the main barriers to developing strong research programmes in universities is the difficulty of developing a research culture in small programmes where academics carry heavy teaching and administrative loads. A learning community of potential researchers must be developed, as well as ways to encourage connections for future partnerships between experienced and novice researchers as well as between university-based researchers and practitioners. A few very successful collaborative research programmes have been developed and we can learn from them. These include InterPARES, the Records Continuum Research Group and the Cedars Project. They are exemplified by

•a clear focus for their research;

•collaboration between universities and industry partners;

•a clear management structure and sound documentation;

•a well-managed website for dissemination of research products.

An implementation program for organisation-wide recordkeeping systems in two Swedish local governments is being informed by a research-based approach in cooperation with Mid Sweden University. The Sundsvall and Härnösand municipalities will provide the platform for the Research Centre’s major project for 2009-2011, which brings together experience in researching recordkeeping issues in small and medium enterprises as well as expertise in enterprise information architecture and content management. The last two provide an umbrella for document, records and archives management, web content management and business process management. The aim of this enterprise information management strategy is to promote support by decision-makers for a whole of organisation approach to sound records and information management. The overall aim of the research program is to develop models and implementation methods that will support standards-compliant, efficient and long-term digital information management in both public and private organisations.

Reproduced with permission of RIM Professionals Australasia, article first appeared in IQ magazine Vol 26 Issue 2, 2010

An implementation programme for organisation-wide recordkeeping systems in two Swedish local governments is being informed by a research-based approach in cooperation with Mid Sweden University. In the previous issue of iQ, (May, 2010), the author set out the parameters for the research. In this concluding part of the article, outcomes are discussed.

Reproduced with permission of RIM Professionals Australasia, article first appeared in IQ magazine Vol 26 Issue 3, 2010

The author, a senior lecturer at Edith Cowan University in Australia, discusses the literature used to teach macroappraisal of electronic records through distance education techniques within an environment rooted in the Australian records continuum. In this context, students are given a sound grounding in systems analysis and design, as well as functional appraisal and the importance of metadata. A key teaching element is the International Standards Organization’s Information and Documentation – Records Management (ISO 15489), which she demonstrates has strong parallels to the principles of systems analysis and design.

The Swedish Government has established the eGovernment Delegation agency to identify and support excellence in e-government implementation strategies. This agency has commenced working with the National Archives, to ensure that archival requirements are addressed when developing new e-services. However, the prevailing view of archives is a traditional curatorial approach, which focuses on capturing the end product once actions have been completed. In the digital environment, the prevailing archival practice frameworks are not adequate to the task of capturing the full digital context and process that is essential for a complete record. Previously, when paper records were aggregated on a physical file, the full record of processes was more likely to be captured and managed for the long term.

Results from two empirical case studies will be used to present and illustrate the risks and problems generated by an approach where the records are not identified and captured until late in the business process. In this paper the term post hoc approach to records capture is used to describe the method whereby an attempt is made to capture records, including the necessary metadata, after they are created, without prior planning or system design. One of the Swedish eGovernment Delegation’s aims is to motivate public agencies to reach level four on Layne and Lee’s e-government maturity model, that is, full integration of interaction between agencies and citizens. However, the model does not incorporate any recordkeeping requirements in its maturity benchmarks. It is clear these kinds of e-services are so complex that late intervention by archivists will not be adequate for needed recordkeeping support and long-term preservation. So it is essential that guidance on archival preservation of integrated e-services is made available as soon as possible, particularly as current trends in government indicate that e-services will be outsourced to private providers.

Strategies are proposed for including recordkeeping re- quirements in e-service models. Advantageously, this can be done using existing benchmarking tools such as GARP, ISO 15489, ISO 30301 and the ICA Principles and Functional Requirements for Records In Electronic Office Environments. 

Kompetensförsörjning är en stor utmaning inom besöksnäringen, och särskilt i samband med och efter Covid-19-pandemin vilket ledde till permitteringar och uppsägningar inom hotellbranschen på grund av en kraftigt minskad efterfrågan. När branschen nu återhämtar sig behöver hotellen fokusera på kompetensförsörjning för att möta den ökande efterfrågan. För att minska personalomsättning och kompetensförlust behöver arbetsgivare säkerställa att den befintliga personalen trivs och vill stanna kvar. Det kan uppnås genom att skapa en trivsam arbetsmiljö, erbjuda förmåner och utvecklingsmöjligheter. Denna strategi kallas employer branding och syftar till att skapa ett attraktivt arbetsgivarvarumärke. Studien använder employer branding och social exchange theory som teoretiska ramverk för att undersöka värden som påverkar anställdas engagemang och vilja att stanna kvar hos arbetsgivaren. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes för att samla in data. Resultaten visar att det sociala värdet och utvecklingsvärdet är mest betydelsefulla för anställda, följt av intressevärdet. Det ekonomiska värdet är minst betydelsefullt men kan öka i värde över tid. Organisatoriskt stöd visade sig vara särskilt viktigt för att anställda ska vilja stanna kvar inom organisationen på lång sikt.

Sammanfattning

Uppsatsen undersöker användandet av informationsskyltar och moderna teknologier i tolkning av kulturarv samt dess potentiella påverkan på turistens upplevelsemiljö. Syftet med studien är att få en förståelse för hur destinations aktörer och turister uppfattar informationsskyltar och kompletterande mobila tjänster angående deras attraktivitet, hållbarhet och tillgänglighet. Mixed methods användes som tillvägagångssätt för datainsamlingen. Syftet är att identifiera eventuella problem och att upptäcka om det finns några gap mellan olika aktörer eller mellan aktörer och turister. Den kunskapen kan bidra till en förbättring av en destinations interna och externa attraktivitet och besökarnas tillfredsställelse.

Baserat på de kvalitativa intervjuerna framgår det att det finns många aktörer inblandade i produktionen och underhållet av informationsskyltar, speciellt inom offentlig sektor och att ansvarsfördelningen ofta är otydlig. Dessutom visar studien att den sociala dimensionen av hållbarhet är den viktigaste för många av aktörerna. Speciellt eftersom lokalbefolkningens stolthet kan manifesteras med en informationsskylt. Ett annat resultat är att aktörerna ofta saknar kunskap om besökarnas faktiska upplevelse av, preferenser och behov beträffande informationsskyltar och mobila tjänster. Samtidigt finns det en vilja bland aktörerna att modernisera turistens upplevelse genom att komplettera traditionella informationsskyltar med moderna teknologier.

Resultaten från den kvantitativa pilotstudien gjord i enkätform visar att många turister vanligtvis läser informationsskyltar vid kulturhistoriska sevärdheter under resa i ett annat land. Dessutom att de i stor utsträckning vill få tillgång till fler funktioner eller mer information angående sevärdheten via mobila tjänster såsom en Smartphone. Därutöver avslöjas att bland respondenterna finns en relativt ansenlig betalningsvilja för att använda dessa funktioner.

Destination management organizations (DMOs) are usually structured by two or more member-organizations. One of the main tasks for a DMO is to market the destination. Social medias have changed the way a lot of organizations manages their marketing. Communication has gone from a static one directional, from the producer to the consumer, to a more dynamic two-way communication where the interaction between the two parts has become more important. In this paper we examine how swedish regional DMOs use social medias in their marketing. The empirical data has been gathered by qualitative semi-structured interviews with persons who work with marketing at four different swedish regional DMOs. This has been combined with analysis of the concerned DMOs social media pages on Facebook and Instagram. The results show that the different organizations have both similarities and differences in their strategic and operative use of social media in marketing efforts.

In the Swedish coastal areas the geography matters for tourism. Islands offer something special in comparison to massive land because one has to travel by boat or airplane to reach the destination. The detachment from the mainland gives an important physical and psychological aspect to the visit. However, accessibility is a crucial question in the archipelagos. Since the landscape consists of islands, it is necessary to either have access to a private boat or to public transportation. Physical accessibility refers to the ability of people to reach destinations, where the landscape together with infrastructure creates possibilities but also difficulties.

The Swedish coastal areas and archipelagos attract many visitors, which create an interest in developing tourism and outdoor recreation. At the same time, these areas consist of valuable nature, culture and considerable bird and animal life. The Blekinge archipelago, Sweden, is a Candidate for becoming a biosphere reserve in the MAB-programme. Biosphere reserves are model areas with the purpose to conserve nature, biodiversity and culture. At the same time, the social and economic development through local support should be promoted. In a biosphere reserve, zoning is an important part but the inhomogeneous landscape of an archipelago makes zoning complicated. The sometimes unclear borders because of the geography and nature, the variation of accessibility, the possibility of different activities, the blurred boundaries of rural and urban living, and the mental perceptions of what an archipelago is, makes it complicated to plan and balance tourism and outdoor recreation with conservation.

To understand if and how tourism and outdoor recreation are affected by zoning of a biosphere reserve, knowledge of the visitors and second homeowners is important. In relation to development of tourism and outdoor recreation, the challenge of applying zoning to a biosphere reserve in such a landscape an archipelago represents will be discussed in this study. Also, the purpose of this study is to analyse the visitors and second home owners’ views of accessibility in an archipelago. In the autumn of 2007, a questionnaire survey directed to visitors and second home owners in the Blekinge archipelago was conducted.

Projektet ”Tillgängliga naturmiljöer för att främja aktivt och hälsosamt åldrande” är finansierat av Familjen Kamprads stiftelse med målet är att fler äldre ska kunna vara aktiva i naturen för förbättrad livskvalitet, fysisk och psykisk hälsa. Vi vill öka kunskapen om sambandet mellan god hälsa, vistelse i naturmiljöer och förståelsen att bristande tillgänglighet exkluderar äldre personer från vardaglig vistelse utomhus. Tre sektorer - offentlig, privat och frivillig – är viktiga när det gäller utevistelser för äldre. Genom samverkan kan de tillhandahålla olika typer av naturmiljöer och främja hälsosamma aktiviteter för äldre. I detta sammanhang är det viktigt att förstå och inkludera äldre personers perspektiv och upplevelser av olika naturmiljöer utifrån tillgänglighet och hälsa. Denna insikt kan bidra till att anpassa utomhusmiljöer och aktiviteter för att bättre tillgodose behoven och preferenserna hos äldre personer.

Fokus på friluftsliv och dess miljöpåverkningar - definition, beskrivning och organisering av friluftsliv på regional och kommunal nivå, hur miljöpåverkan samt hållbar utveckling av friluftsliv beskrivs och inkluderas i planering och förvaltning. 

Syftet med den här litteraturstudien är att ur ett nationellt - men även internationellt - perspektiv kartlägga vad som tidigare studerats gällande terrängkörningens påverkan på friluftsliv. Detta gäller de friluftslivsutövare som använder terrängfordon samt andra friluftsutövare. Främst beskrivs studier om snöskoteråkning, även om studier om andra motordrivna terrängfordon inkluderas. Litteraturstudien omfattar både positiva och negativa aspekter.

Denna litteraturstudie - av Rosemarie Ankre vid Mittuniversitetet/ETOUR - har finansierats av Naturvårdsverket och genomfördes som en del i myndighetens regeringsuppdrag att göra en sammantagen analys för terrängkörningens påverkan på djur, natur och friluftsliv. Detta är kopplat till regeringens utredning av Terrängkörningslagen 2019.

As traditional land use such as agriculture and fishing, has diminished in coastal areas, tourism is considered as a lucrative industry. This paper is an introduction of the research project Planning strategies and tourism development in a coastal area. A study of the archipelago of Luleå. The project’s aim is to study the planning of the area for a sustainable tourism development. Except for a description of the PhD project, this paper will account for a questionnaire that will be conducted in the autumn of 2003. The questionnaire will be addressed to people visiting the archipelago of Luleå in the summer of 2003, during the period May-September. Since planning strategies are connected with tourists’ activities and their desire for experiences, the questionnaire’s main purpose is to investigate the tourists’ characteristics, activities, motives for visiting, valuations and their connection to the area. The future results of the questionnaire will be put in relation to the archipelago’s tourism development and planning strategies for sustainable tourism.

The language is central to all learning in higher education, such as analytical independence, critical thinking and theoretical understanding. Many university students no longer master the language tools required, according to numerous representatives of the university world. The issue of students’ knowledge of the Swedish language is a topic of discussion on the higher education agenda. Apart from poor spelling and grammar, students’ problems with analyses and deeper understanding are worrying. However, more support in scientific thinking and writing in education may help to overcome language problems. Another important issue for language development is reading skills – for both studies and/or pleasure. To integrate academic writing and exercises in all teaching at the undergraduate level is undeniably one means for improvement. University studies include important social and academic codes that might be difficult to understand, especially for students from non-academic homes. By developing reading and writing skills, students will also overcome different barriers.

In the bachelor programme: Tourism and destination development, at Mid Sweden University, the students’ academic writing and reading is of particular interest. In this paper, the possibilities of improvements of the students’ academic writing with concrete examples from our tourism programme is discussed, but also highlight the challenges teachers face and the need of central support from the university. Using concrete examples (e.g. examinations and exercises), the discussion will further expand on issues regarding the language’s significance for the individual and society.

Practically all Swedes enjoy being out in nature and engaging in outdoor recreation activities. An important reason behind this is that they benefit from the Swedish Public Right of Access (Allemansrätten). Outdoor recreation is highlighted as a major contributor to good health, leads to a higher level of understanding of nature in an urban society, and can function as a means of integration and sustainable development. However, society and our constant search for new experiences are changing as does the practice of outdoor recreation.

It is of interest to identify how different users participate in outdoor recreation and use nature. Previous studies show that outdoor recreation often is conducted close to where we live. Planning and management, along with information, are vital components leading to the accessibility and development of outdoor recreation. Accessibility for outdoor recreation relate to both physical and socio-economic conditions. Today, outdoor recreation for urban dwellers is highly dependent on access to natural areas close to cities, yet open spaces are increasingly under threat due to urban growth and development density. The Public Right of Access places new demands on future planning and management, for example in order to prevent conflicts with private landowners as there may be increased pressure on specific natural areas.

The above issues are analyzed from the results of an online survey conducted in autumn 2016. The survey was sent to 3,000 randomly selected residents in Östersund, Sweden (response rate 32%). Additionally, municipal planning documents are examined. The results show that the respondents do not consider that access to nature is constrained. Rather they feel they lack the time to make full use of this accessibility. They also express a need for more information about nature areas. The results also show that those with higher education and higher income value outdoor recreation higher, but that they also have less time.

Evenemangsbranschen kopplad till Sveriges idrotts- och friluftsliv har påverkats kraftigt av pandemin. I det korta perspektivet har tusentals människors jobb och fritid påverkats då aktiviteter uteblivit och evenemang ställts in. De långsiktiga konsekvenserna kan leda till en förändrad syn på hur man i framtiden kommer attresa, delta i evenemang och använda arenor. Detta får i sin tur konsekvenser förmiljön.Danna rapport beskriver och analyserar studier gjorda under 2020 för att bättreförstå vilka effekter inställda evenemang har gett upphov till, men också huruvida det finns något i pandemin som kan bidra till mer hållbara evenemang. Studierna utgår från frågorna hur arrangörer och konsumenter påverkas av pandemin, hur alternativa evenemangslösningar kan uppstå och hur erfarenheterna kantillvaratas efter pandemin. Rapporten bygger dels på tidigare forskning, dels på en enkät som skickats ut av Riksidrottsförbundet till samtliga anslutna föreningar våren 2020 (n=3 513), och på en enkät som Visit Stockholm och Göteborg & Co skickade till svensk allmänhethösten 2020 (n=3 159). En stor del av idrottsutövandet i Sverige sker i organiserad form i någon av landets idrottsföreningar. För föreningarna och utövandet är evenemang centrala, och uppemot 90 procent av alla intäkter som föreningarna förlorat under pandemins förstavåg kan kopplas till uteblivna evenemang. Det är givetvis en varierande grad av intäktsbortfall, men hårdast drabbade i ekonomiska termer är ishockeyn och fotbollen.De största intäktsbortfallen vid uteblivna evenemang kan kopplas till anmälningsavgifter, biljettintäkter, sponsormedel och försäljning. Men, det blir också tydligt att det finns påtagliga negativa effekter som inte i första hand rörekonomi.Vanliga icke-ekonomiska effekter är medlemstapp, liksom att färre aktiviteterleder till ökad fysisk och psykisk ohälsa, försämrad integration samt att idrotteninte längre får samma möjlighet att sprida glädje och gemenskap. Föreningarna framhåller behoven av ekonomiskt stöd men efterfrågar också stödbehov kopplat till att tolka riktlinjer, driva enskilda frågor gentemot iimyndigheter och andra, förnya evenemangen och inte minst hjälp medmarknadsföring i tider när evenemangen startar upp igen.Enkäten som under hösten riktades till den svenska allmänheten visar att mångakände sig negativt påverkade av inställda evenemang och ansåg att deras livskvalitet påverkats negativt.

Evenemang ligger nära livsstil för många besökare och i rapporten diskuteras begreppet serious leisure där evenemang konstateras påverka människors vardag före, under och efter själva evenemanget.De flesta respondenter anser att digitala evenemang inte helt kan ersätta de evenemang där man träffas fysiskt. Dock anger var femte respondent att digitala evenemang helt eller delvis kan vara ett fullgott alternativ för framtiden vilket är en stor framtida utmaning och möjlighet både kommersiellt och miljömässigt. Pandemin har ökat medvetenheten om trygghet och säkerhet. I rapporten konstateras att det finns en rad åtgärder som arrangörer kan vidta för att möta besökares oro och farhågor. Utöver handsprit, närvarande publikvärdar och annatefterfrågas också större avstånd till andra besökare. Detta kan innebära en utveckling med fler evenemang men med färre besökare.Studien synliggör miljömässiga effekter där det kortsiktigt blivit ett minskat elleruteblivet resande på grund av inställda evenemang. Relativt få arrangörer harjobbat med att anpassa sina evenemang till distansoberoende genom exempelvis streaming eller andra digitala tjänster. På längre sikt konstateras dock pandeminkunna leda till att hela eller delar av evenemang anpassas till ett digitalt format,vilket kan innebära minskat resande och minskad miljöbelastning. Det kan ocksåleda till ett ändrat användande av den infrastruktur som kopplas till evenemang,exempelvis minskat eller ändrat beroende av arenor. Sammantaget kan det konstateras att miljöfrågorna får står tillbaka under enbrinnande kris som en pandemi utgör. Fokus ligger på verksamheternas överlevnad, akuta åtgärder och uthållighet. Men såväl direkt som indirekt kanpandemin påverka svenskars evenemangsbeteende. Detta ändrade beteende kan isin tur påverka miljön både direkt och indirekt. Mer kunskap på området är nödvändig på väg mot målet och mer hållbara evenemang

Denna antologi har sin grund i arbetet med projektet MIUN Research Exhibition: Upplevelsebara forskningsutställningar i det fysiska och digitala biblioteksrummet, som under åren 2020-2022 pågick vid Mittuniversitetet. I antologin skriver samtliga medlemmar i projektgruppen ett eller flera kapitel med utgångspunkt i den roll som var och en har haft inom projektet. Syftet med antologin är att samla och dokumentera erfarenheter från arbetet med projektet. Därigenom är antologin ett forum för en avslutande reflektionsprocess för oss som nu under flera år har arbetat med att utarbeta och prova de modeller för forskningskommunicerande utställningar i det fysiska och digitala biblioteksrummet som utgör projektets kärna. Med antologin vill vi också bidra till den kunskapsbank som är på väg att växa fram om hur universitetsbibliotek kan initiera och skapa utställningar med utgångspunkt i forskning som bedrivs vid det egna lärosätet, och därmed bli aktörer på ämnesfältet forskningskommunikation. Antologin har mot denna bakgrund flera målgrupper. Med en förhoppning om att våra erfarenheter kan komma andra till nytta vänder vi oss till kollegor vid andra lärosäten som vill, eller redan är i gång med att, utforma sina egna forskningskommunicerande utställningar. Vi ser gärna att antologin blir ett inlägg i ett kontinuerligt samtal om hur forskningskommunikation kan bedrivas i utställningsformat och i samverkan mellan universitetsbibliotek och andra enheter vid våra lärosäten. På så sätt kan antologin också ses som ett inlägg i diskussionen om forskningskommunikationens olika format och vilka inom universitetsvärlden som är, kan vara eller borde vara aktörer i forskningskommunicerande processer.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of somatic health, mental health and age on sleep and the use of sleep medication in a group of elderly men and women. Questionnaires were distributed to 9417 persons, and the response rare was 69%. The mean ages (s.d.) of the male and female participants were 73.9 (6.3) and 74.5 (6.8) years, respectively. Sleep disturbances were more common in women than in men at all ages and increased with age in both sexes. A stepwise regression analysis showed that in men, more severely sleep disturbances were associated with poorer somatic health (R-2 = 0.089; P < 0.0001), poorer mental health (R-2 = 0.106; P < 0.0001) and increasing age (R-2 = 0.109; P < 0.0001) and in the women worse somatic health (R-2 = 0.087; P < 0.0001), worse mental health (R-2 = 0.104; P < 0.0001) but no further deterioration of sleep with age. Sleep medication was more common in women than in men at all ages and increased with age in both sexes. The use of sleep medication was more strongly related to somatic health than to mental health and age in both sexes. In conclusion, both sleep complaints and sleep medication showed a stronger relation to somatic health than to mental health and age in this group of elderly men and women. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

This study was undertaken in order to analyse the relationship between visual impairment and sleep in an elderly population. All 10 216 members of the pensioners' association in two Swedish counties were asked to participate in a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire included questions on civil status, the general state of health, the occurrence of somatic diseases and symptoms, sleep, medication and vision. 6143 evaluable questionnaires were received, of which 39.5% were from men. The mean (s.d.) ages of the male and female participants wc:re 73.0 (6.0) and 72.6 (6.7) years, respectively. Visual impairment was reported by 20.9% of the men and 32.9% of the women. The proportion of visual impairment increased with;Ige and was more common in women in each age group. Poor sleep occurred in 14.4% of the men and 27.9% of the women. Among subjects with visual. impairment, poor sleep, frequent awakenings and difficulties to fall asleep after awakening at night were all more common in both men and women. In a multiple logistic regression analysis, significant independent correlates of poor night's sleep among the men were: visual impairment (odds ratio (OR) 1.3 95%, confidence interval (CI) 1.0-1.8) and poor health (OR 2.2, CI 1.6-3.0). Age, circulatory organ disease and diabetes were deleted by the logistic model. The significant independent correlates in women were: visual impairment (OR 1.6, CI 1.3-2.0) poor health (OR 2.6, CI 2.1-3.3) and circulatory organ diseases (OR 1.5 CI, 1.2-1.8). Age and diabetes were deleted by the logistic model. The results suggest that visual impairment could be an underestimated cause of sleep deterioration in the elderly. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. Al rights reserved.

Volontärarbete är ett fenomen som uppkommer inom flertalet olika branscher och arbetssammanhang, bland annat inom undervisning samt idrottsevenemang. Volontärarbete handlar om att människor ställer upp med sin tid till att arbeta utan ekonomisk avlöning. I denna uppsats söker vi svar på vad som motiverar människor till att frivilligt ge sin tid till evenemang genom att ställa upp som volontärer. För att större evenemang ska kunna genomföras krävs ofta en stor del arbetskraft som ställer upp som volontärarbetare, vi belyser därmed också vikten av volontärarbete inom idrottsevenemang. I denna uppsats har vi utgått från evenemanget Skidskyttevärldscupen i Östersund 2023. Där vi har gjort en kvantitativ forskningsstudie utifrån en enkätundersökning. Enkäten har skickats ut till de människor som under Skidskyttevärldscupen i Östersund 2023 ställt upp som volontärarbetare. Enkäten är utformad med frågor som ska ge indikationer på vilka faktorer som är betydande för människors välvilja att ställa upp som volontärer. Vidare tar denna uppsats upp individers ställningstagande till ett eventuellt Vinter – OS i Sverige 2030. Detta genom att undersöka huruvida det finns något samband mellan olika motivationsfaktorer till att ställa upp som volontärarbetare vid Skidskyttevärldscupen och hur de ställer sig till att ett Vinter – OS ska arrangeras i Sverige 2030.