Mid Sweden University

Webb-baserad artikel

The HCR-20 and the PCL:SV were used in a prospective study of 41 long-term sentenced offenders in two correctional, maximum-security institutions. The aim was to test the validity of these instruments in the prediction of institutional violence. All assessments were made by a comprehensive examination of the offenders’ files, completed with clinical interviews ranging from 1 to 3 hours. The mean follow-up time was 8 months. Our results show high predictive validity for the HCR-20’s clinical and risk management items, but for almost none of its historical items. The results suggest that violence inside correctional institutions can be predicted with a certain degree of validity by using the HCR-20 and the PCL:SV, even within a selective ‘high-risk’ group of offenders such as that under study here.

Purpose. This study focused on whether institutional violence in a maximum-security correctional institution could be prevented using comprehensive risk assessments followed by adequate risk management. And, could this be shown by a decrease in risk factors for violence according to the HCR-20 Risk Assessment Scheme in the study group? Methods. Offenders with a history of violent criminality were subject to real-life assessments using the HCR-20 Risk Assessment Scheme. The assessments were followed by discussions with members of staff, in which risk management strategies were designed. Thus, the members of staff were fully aware of every inmate's personality characteristics (e.g. psychiatric diagnoses), what risk factors for violence they displayed, and how best to manage those risk factors. With the aim of evaluating the possible effects of our interventions, approximately one third of the study group was reassessed after a mean of 12 months. Results. The follow-up showed no significant decrease in important risk factors for violence in the study group. However, the number of violent incidents showed a remarkable decrease during the study period. Conclusions. Not being able to reduce important risk factors for violence does not necessarily mean that one cannot decrease the risk for, or the incidence of, violence. This study indicates that proper and adequate risk management, using the best protective factors available, can reduce violence even though important risk factors cannot be decreased. The study also supports the theoretical assumption that changes in risk factors are more possible in some populations (e.g. general psychiatric) than in others (e.g. correctional) depending on the nature of the study group and the risk factors that are at hand (e.g. dynamic vs. static). This seems to be important to bear in mind when performing evaluation research using risk assessment instruments.

BACKGROUND: In Sweden 20 000 cases of assault against women are reported to the police every year. METHOD: All data on the perpetrators of spousal homicide in Sweden between 1990 and 1999 were investigated (n = 164). A control group of all other perpetrators of homicide in Sweden during the same period, i.e. cases of homicide not committed in the context of spouse violence (n = 690) was used. All verdicts, as well as all material in the police investigations, including interviews with all of the police investigators, were analysed. Copies of police examinations of the suspects, and forensic reports from the autopsies, were also examined. Data on all registered criminality were collected from the National Police Register, and in cases where the perpetrators had been subject to forensic psychiatric examinations, those reports were obtained from the Swedish National Board of Forensic Medicine. In addition, the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version scores were rated from the forensic psychiatric examinations. RESULTS: There was a four times higher suicide rate among the spousal homicide perpetrators (24%, n = 40) compared with the perpetrators in the control-group (6%, n = 39, chi-squared = 55,42 df = 1, p < 0.001). Consequently, suicidal ideation must be considered as an important risk factor for spousal homicide. In 79% of the cases the spousal homicide perpetrators were subject to forensic psychiatric examinations. All except 5% were diagnosed with at least one psychiatric diagnosis, and 34% were sentenced to forensic psychiatric treatment. If it is assumed that the psychiatric morbidity was high in the 24% of the perpetrators who committed suicide, then 80% of all perpetrators of spouse homicide during the study period can be characterized as mentally disordered. 'Psychopathic' perpetrators, who generally are over-represented in most violent criminality, were comparatively uncommon. Only seven (4%) in the study group met the diagnostic criteria for psychopathy as measured with the PCL:SV. DISCUSSION: The group of spouse killers studied here fits the dysphoric/borderline group of spouse assaulters. This is a group that may benefit from treatment. Perhaps police officers could help identify this kind of spouse assaulter before a fatality occurs.

In the 1960s environmental issues became analysed ina global context. 1992 sustainable development wasmade the overall policy. 2010 the biosphere is in a worsestate than in the 1960s, and the world human populationis higher than ever. For sustainability, human behaviourmust be kept within biospherical carrying capacity. Thispresents enormous social and human scientific challenges.However, main social scientific schools generallyoverlook what basically makes democratic systems tick,namely Rule of Law. Most social scientific input hasbeen hampered by pre-environmental sectoral paradigmsmissing the holistic prerequisites. Modernenvironmental law methodology has on the other handanalysed old law and developed theory for sustainablelaw capable of i.a. handling non-linearity, complexityand what makes societies tick – Rule of Law. Thanksto this, some of what other social sciences have broughtforward can be reinterpreted for inclusion in an adequatesustainability theory, while much of the rest canbe explained as ineffective.This paper brings this into broader environmentalscience. It will (1) rely upon the still degrading biosphereand that no country has so far established effectivecontrol for sustainability; (2) explain why such controlcannot be achieved in a democracy without recognisingthe Rule of Law and adapting the law to sustainability;(3) explain why mainstream social and human sciencesyet have not contributed more effectively; (4) presenta fundamental theoretical holistic structure essentialfor social environmental science, and (5) based on thisdemonstrate why it is impossible to solve the globalunsustainability problems without full understandingof the Rule of Law.

Homeowners are facing worse personal finances with inflation and increasing interest rates. New groupsare at risk of overindebtedness and foreclosure. The entire household are affected by worse health andwell-being. This leads to large societal costs. Hence, it is imperative to break the negative cycle ofoverindebtedness for these households. Foreclosure is enforced by Kronofogden and aims to pay thedebts. However, an unintended consequence may be that foreclosure is perceived as repressive. Thedegree of repression depends on how Kronofogden handles the proceedings. This research projectcontributes with knowledge about these mechanisms and how they may make it more difficult to breaksocial and economic exclusion by answering the research question: How repressive are the foreclosureproceedings at Kronofogden?

We answer the research question by surveying and interviewing homeowners who have been subject toforeclosure about repression. Repression is a multi-facetted concept that may be employed to study bothopen displays of state violence as well as “soft” exercises of public authority through, for example,stigmatization. We are inspired by this latter understanding and We take advantage of a randomizedcontrolled trial (RCT) in which Kronofogden randomized foreclosure sales to auction or brokered sale inan effort to investigate which sales form resulted in higher payment. While auction sales arecharacterized by coercion, no interactions with the homeowner, and no possibility for the homeowner toaffect the outcomes through personal involvement, the success of brokered sales depends oncollaboration with the homeowner, participation on behalf of, and involvement from the homeowner.Given these different characteristics, the RCT provides an opportunity for us to examine whether whichsales form – auction or broker – was employed had an impact on the level of repression as measured byperceived fairness and institutional trust. Due to its characteristics, we hypothesize that brokered saleresults in a lower level of repression. This hypothesis is tested with a survey that targets the foreclosedhomeowners that were included in Kronofogden’s RCT. We also interview homeowners about theirexperiences and group interviews with homeowners to ask them about whether they consider theforeclosure proceedings to be repressive.

In the last decade, there has been a turn to history in international humanitarian law and its accompanying fields. To examine this historization and to expand the current scope of scholarship, this book brings together scholars from various fields, including law, history, sociology, and international relations. Human rights law, international criminal law, and the law on the use of force are all explored across the text’s four main themes: historiographies of selected fields of international law; evolution of specific international humanitarian law rules in the context of legal gaps and fault lines; emotions as a factor in international law; and how actors can influence history. This work will enhance and broaden readers’ knowledge of the field and serve as an excellent starting point for further research.

The Personality Assessment Inventory's (PAI's) ability to predict psychopathic personality features, as assessed by the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R), was examined. To investigate whether the PAI Antisocial Features (ANT) Scale and subscales possessed incremental validity beyond other theoretically relevant PAI scales, optimized regression equations were derived in a sample of 281 Canadian federal offenders. ANT, or ANT-Antisocial Behavior (ANT-A), demonstrated unique variance in regression analyses predicting PCL-R total and Factor 2 (Lifestyle Impulsivity and Social Deviance) scores, but only the Dominance (DOM) Scale was retained in models predicting Factor I (Interpersonal and Affective Deficits). Attempts to cross-validate the regression equations derived from the first sample on a sample of 85 U.S. sex offenders resulted in considerable validity shrinkage, with the ANT Scale in isolation performing comparably to or better than the statistical models for PCL-R total and Factor 2 scores. Results offer limited evidence of convergent validity between the PAI and the PCL-R.

Some previous research indicates that confidence affects the accuracy of probabilistic clinical ratings of risk for violence among civil psychiatric inpatients. The current study investigated the impact of confidence on actuarial and structured professional risk assessments, in a forensic psychiatric population, using community violence as the outcome criteria. Raters completed the HCR-20 violence risk assessment scheme for a sample of 100 forensic psychiatric patients. Results showed that accuracy of both actuarial judgments (HCR-20 total scores) and structured professional judgments (of low, moderate, and high risk) were substantially more accurate when raters were more confident about their judgments. Findings suggest that confidence of ratings should be studied as a potentially important mediator of structured professional and actuarial risk judgments.

Objective: This study tested the interrater reliability and criterion-related validity of structured violence risk judgments made by using one application of the structured professional judgment model of violence risk assessment, the HCR-20 violence risk assessment scheme, which assesses 20 key risk factors in three domains: historical, clinical, and risk management. Methods: The HCR-20 was completed for a sample of 100 forensic psychiatric patients who had been found not guilty by reason of a mental disorder and were subsequently released to the community. Violence in the community was determined from multiple file-based sources. Results: Interrater reliability of structured final risk judgments of low, moderate, or high violence risk made on the basis of the structured professional judgment model was acceptable (weighted kappa=.61). Structured final risk judgments were significantly predictive of postrelease community violence, yielding moderate to large effect sizes. Event history analyses showed that final risk judgments made with the structured professional judgment model added incremental validity to the HCR-20 used in an actuarial (numerical) sense. Conclusions: The findings support the structured professional judgment model of risk assessment as well as the HCR-20 specifically and suggest that clinical judgment, if made within a structured context, can contribute in meaningful ways to the assessment of violence risk.

Evidence suggests that behavioral aspects of psychopathy are associated with suicidal behavior, whereas the affective and interpersonal aspects are not. The authors tested the robustness of this bifurcated association across 1,711 persons and 12 samples of adult and juvenile criminal offenders, forensic psychiatric patients, and civil psychiatric patients. The authors observed a small but significant partial correlation (.13) between the behavioral/impulsive lifestyle features of psychopathy and suicidality, but no effect for affective/interpersonal features. Several method and sample features (mental disorder; psychopathy and suicidality measurement format) significantly strengthened or weakened this association. The authors conclude that it is not possible to speak of "the" association between psychopathy and suicide, but that this relationship appears to be partially dependent on methodological (i.e., self-report vs. clinician-administered psychopathy measures) and sample composition (i.e., age; mental illness) factors. Recommendations for practice are provided, including that clinicians should not consider psychopathy a buffer against suicidal behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)

Substantial strides have been made in the field of violence risk assessment. Numerous robust risk factors have been identified and incorporated into structured violence risk assessment instruments. The concepts of violence prevention, management, and treatment have been infused into contemporary thinking on risk assessment. This conceptual development underscores the necessity of identifying, measuring, and monitoring changeable (dynamic) risk factors-the most promising targets for risk reduction efforts. However, empirical investigation of dynamic risk is virtually absent from the literature. In this article, the authors (a) differentiate risk status (interindividual risk level based largely on static risk factors) from risk state (intraindividual risk level determined largely by current status on dynamic risk factors), (b) analyze the relevance of contemporary risk assessment measures for capturing dynamic risk, and (c) distill potentially important dynamic risk factors from the literature in order to facilitate future research. Suggestions for theory development and research design are provided.

This study evaluated the structural reliability, construct-related validity, and cultural validity generalization of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV) in a sample of more than 560 male and female Swedish forensic psychiatric treatment patients, forensic evaluation patients, and criminal offenders. Structural reliability was excellent for most indices. PCL:SV scores were higher for males than females for total and Part 1 scores (interpersonal/ affective features) but not for Part 2 (behavioral features). With some exceptions, PCL:SV scores were meaningfully related to aggression to others, a measure of risk for violence, substance use problems, personality disorder (positive), and psychosis (negative). Correlations between PCL:SV and aggression were larger for females than males, although the difference was smaller when personality disorder was held constant. The structural reliability and pattern of validity coefficients were comparable in these Swedish samples to other non-North American samples. Implications for the cross-cultural manifestation and correlates of psychopathy are discussed.

Återigen har ett betänkande om en s.k. "civilkuragelag" gjorts i Sverige, och resulterat i samma slutsats som tidigare: En dylik lagstiftning skulle göra mycket liten skillnad i verkliga livet. Vad som sällan diskuteras från offentligt håll är däremot de bakomliggande faktorer som inverkar på vårt mod att stå upp för moraliska värden eller att säga ifrån vid missförhållanden trots personlig risk. I detta sammanhang är begreppet socialt kapital av särskild betydelse för att belysa påverkande faktorer. Studiens syfte var att mäta attityder kring civilkurage hos en grupp gymnasieungdomar och yrkesarbetande vuxna genom skalan personligt risktagande /mod kopplat till skalor om tillit, social ångest och samhälleligt engagemang, liksom att identifiera attityder till straffsanktionerad lagstiftning på området. Studien genomfördes med enkäter och Likert skalor. Resultaten visade att en majoritet av urvalspopulationen ställt sig negativ till en strafflagstiftning, även om unga män och vuxna kvinnliga tjänstemän var mer positivt inställda. Det fanns även en samvariation mellan personligt risktagande/mod och socialt engagemang. En diskrepans dök upp i vad som betraktas som normativt önskvärt – att försvara någon som behandlas illa eller orättvist – mot vad som ansågs uthärdligt i upprätthållandet av dessa värden.

Violence and interpersonal aggression are considered major public health problems throughout the world. Yet there is considerable variability in how these terms are operationalized, measured, and studied in the social sciences, which can lead to ambiguity and confusion in the field. In this introduction to the special issue, the authors highlight some of the difficulties inherent in studying interpersonal aggression and violence and briefly review the heterogeneous nature of the research conducted in this area. The authors conclude with a summary of the key findings of the articles that appear in this special issue.

Syftet med studien har varit att med hjälp av intervjuer och enkäter undersöka hur

Kriminalvården arbetar mot organiserad brottslighet. Uppsatsen fokuserar på tre

frågeställningar; 1) varför det finns skäl för Kriminalvården att identifiera personer med

koppling till organiserad brottslighet, 2) enligt vilka kriterier en sådan identifiering sker samt

3) vilka särskilda åtgärder som riktas mot dessa individer. Organiserad brottslighet har funnits

i någon form under alla tider men har på senare år fått ett allt större utrymme i såväl media

som inom politiken. Det förefaller finnas en allmän uppfattning om organiserad brottslighet

som ett växande hot mot det svenska samhället. Regeringen iscensatte 2006 en nationell

mobilisering mot organiserad brottslighet, en satsning som visat sig vara förhållandevis

framgångrikt med att lagföra personer för brott. Satsningen har således inneburit fler intagna

inom Kriminalvården med koppling till organiserad brottslighet. Undersökningen baseras på

en intervjuundersökning med fyra anställda inom Kriminalvården, samt en kompletterande

enkätundersökning bestående av 24 enkäter. Urvalet består av representanter från flertalet

verksamhetsgrenar inom myndigheten, bl.a. anstalt, häkte, frivård, underrättelsetjänst,

programverksamhet, Riksmottagningen och Placeringsenheten. De resultat som framkommit i

undersökningen visar att Kriminalvårdens behov av att identifiera intagna med koppling till

organiserad brottslighet främst är säkerhetsmässiga. Det handlar här om en ökad risk för hot

och våld, ökad risk för rymning och fritagning, ökad risk för fortsatt kriminell brottslighet och

en risk för etablering och nyrekrytering. Såväl enkät- som intervjuundersökningen vittnar om

att synen på organiserad brottslighet skiljer sig inom myndigheten. Bland de mest frekvent

återkommande kriterierna vid identifiering av intagna med koppling till organiserad

brottslighet ses (1) graden av organisation, (2) etableringsgrad, (3) antalet medlemmar, (4)

brottets beskaffenhet, (5) koppling till internationell verksamhet samt (6) strävan efter

ekonomisk vinning. Kriminalvården har idag relativt få insatser som särskilt riktar sig till

intagna med koppling till organiserad brottslighet. Ett av myndighetens viktigaste redskap är

möjligheten att placera och differentiera intagna i denna kategori. Utöver detta finns även ett

samarbete med Exit, ett särskilt behandlingsprogram, ett förbud mot exponering av

tillhörighet och en restriktivitet gällande permissioner och utslussningsmöjlighet.

Sedan 2018 använder länsstyrelser samrådsyttranden för att ge kommuner råd och stöd om brottsförebyggande och trygghetsskapande perspektiv i planärenden. Yttrandena skrivs av länsstyrelsens brottsförebyggande samordnare.

I den här uppföljningen undersöks om dessa samrådsyttranden har gett effekt i Hallands län och Jämtlands län. 24 planärenden från tidsperioden 2018–2021 har därför jämförts med 24 planärenden från 2015–2017 när samordnaren inte skrev några yttranden.

Resultatet visar att länsstyrelsernas råd och stöd om brottsförebyggande och trygghetsskapande perspektiv i samrådsyttranden har gett effekt: i planärendena från 2018–2021 behandlas brott och trygghet fler gånger. Dessutom behandlas teoretiska perspektiv på brott och trygghet i högre omfattning i dessa planärenden än i planärendena från 2015–2017.

Resultatet visar även att andelen samråds- och granskningshandlingar som behandlar den teoretiska utgångspunkten ”att bygga in trygghet” ökade från perioden 2015–2017 till 2018–2021.

Den kvalitativa analysen visar att kommunerna i de båda länen generellt sett följer länsstyrelsernas råd och stöd om brottsförebyggande och trygghetsskapande perspektiv. I Hallands län har kommunerna följt länsstyrelsens råd i samtliga av tolv planärenden från tidsperioden 2018–2021, medan kommunerna i Jämtlands län har följt länsstyrelsens råd i åtta av tolv studerade planärenden från samma tidsperiod. I tre av tolv planärenden från Jämtlands län bemöter kommunerna inte länsstyrelsens råd i sina samrådsredogörelser, och i ett av tolv planärenden avstår en kommun från att följa länsstyrelsens råd genom att hänvisa till brist på underlag.

Narrative reviews have raised several questions regarding the predictive validity of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R; R. D. Hare, 2003) and related scales in institutional settings. In this meta-analysis, the authors coded 273 effect sizes to investigate the association between the Hare scales and a hierarchy of increasingly specific forms of institutional misconduct. Effect sizes for Total, Factor 1, and Factor 2 scores were quite heterogeneous overall and weakest for physically violent misconduct (r w = .17, .14, and .15, respectively). Moderator analyses suggested that physical violence effect sizes were smaller in U.S. prison samples (r w = .11) than in non-U.S. prison samples (r w = .23). Findings are discussed in terms of the utility of the Hare measures for decision-making in institutional and other contexts.

Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is associated with suicide, violence, and risk-taking behavior and can slow response to first-line treatment for Axis I disorders. ASPD may be assessed infrequently because few efficient diagnostic tools are available. This study evaluated 2 promising self-report measures for assessing ASPD-the ASPD scale of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4 (PDQ-4; S. E. Hyler, 1994) and the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; L. Morey, 1991, 2007)-as well as the ASPD module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II (SCID-II; M. B. First, R. L. Spitzer, M. Gibbon, J. B. W. Williams, & L. S. Benjamin, 1997). The measures were administered to 1,345 offenders in court-mandated residential substance abuse treatment programs and prisons. PDQ-4 and PAI scores related strongly to SCID-II symptom counts (rs =.67 and.51, respectively), indicating these measures convey useful clinical information about the severity of offenders' ASPD pathology. The dimensional association between the measures was relatively invariant across gender, race, and site, although differences in mean scores were observed. Levels of agreement of the SCID-II with the PDQ-4 (K =.31) and PAI (K =.32) in classifying participants as ASPD was limited. Alternative thresholds for both self-report measures were identified and cross-validated.

Användning av e-legitimation förenklar många vardagliga uppgifter. Vid utformningen har användarvänlighet prioriterats före skydd mot obehörig användning och det skydd som finns tar sikte på bedrägerier utförda av en utomstående. Skydd mot bedrägliga beteenden inom familjen inte har beaktats. I denna artikel vill vi uppmärksamma hur obehörigt brukande av en e-legitimation kan användas som verktyg för ekonomiskt våld.

Purpose:The study explores international trends in law on compulsory commitment to care of substance misusers (CCC), and two subtypes – civil CCC and CCC within criminal justice legislation – as well as maximum length and amount of applications of such care. Method: The time period covers more than 25 years, and a total of 104 countries and territories. The study is based on available data in three times of observation (1986, 1999 and 2009). Applications of CCC in number of cases are studied on European level for the years 2002–2006. Trends are analyzed using nonparametric tests and general linear models for repeated measures. Findings are discussed from contextual analysis. Result:  There is a trend towards decrease in the number of countries worldwide having civil CCC legislation after the millennium, while CCC under criminal law has increased since the mid-1980s, resulting in some total net decrease. The shift results in longer mean duration of CCC and an increase in the number of cases sentenced. Conclusion:  There is a risk that the shift from civil CCC to penal CCC implies more focus on young outacting males in compulsory treatment and that the societal responsibility for more vulnerable persons might be neglected.

Under föredraget kommer Rikard Karlsson att fokusera på ett antal rättsliga frågor som det ökade distansarbetet har gett upphov till. Mer specifikt kommer han att redogöra för rättsliga förutsättningar för att använda digitala verktyg för intern kommunikation. Att kunna kommunicera digitalt är en viktig strategisk fråga för alla myndigheter. Användningen av digitala kommunikationsverktyg innebär att stora mängder personuppgifter och sekretessreglerade uppgifter kommer att behandlas i systemen. Innan nya digitala verktyg införs i verksamheten måste en rad rättsliga frågor beaktas. 

Att den som är part i ett ärende hos en myndighet ska ha rätt att ta del av det material som myndigheten grundar sitt avgörande på är en grundläggande princip i förvaltningsförfarandet. Det är ett utflöde ur den allmänna rättsgrundsatsen att ingen ska dömas ohörd. Rätten till partsinsyn är inte helt oinskränkt utan gäller med de begränsningar som följer av 10 kap. 3 § offentlighets- och sekretesslagen (2009:400) (OSL). En regel som innebär att en handling eller annat material inte får lämnas ut till part, i den mån det av hänsyn till allmänt eller enskilt intresse är av synnerlig vikt att uppgift i materialet inte röjs. Bedömningen huruvida det är av synnerlig vikt att begränsa partsinsynen är en grannlaga uppgift för myndigheterna och något som inte sällan förknippas med svårigheter. Syftet med artikeln är att närmare undersöka rekvisitet synnerlig vikt i 10 kap. 3 § OSL, genom framför allt en analys av HFD:s tolkning av begreppet. En central fråga för artikeln är huruvida bestämmelsen i 10 kap. 3 § OSL tillåter att en intresseavvägning görs i det enskilda fallet mellan å ena sidan partens intresse att få insyn i ärendet och å andra sidan sekretessintresset.

Den ökade digitaliseringen av samhället påverkar även den offentliga förvaltningen. Syftet med digitaliseringen av offentlig sektor är inte sällan att göra den mer tillgänglig och effektiv, till exempel genom att öka graden av automation vid ärendehandläggning och beslutsfattande. I syfte att effektivisera en ärendeprocess kan en myndighet insamla uppgifter från andra myndigheter och enskilda och på grundval av dessa uppgifter fatta automatiserade beslut. Vid automatiserade beslut tar ingen enskild befattningshavare aktivt del i beslutsfattandet. Ett automatiserat beslut kan föregås av profilering. Profilering skulle kunna beskrivas som ett förfarande som bygger på en serie statistiska slutsatser. Profilering används ofta för att göra förutsägelser om personer, genom att med hjälp av uppgifter från olika källor sluta sig till något om en enskild person grundat på statistiskt likartade kvaliteter hos andra personer. Automatiserat beslutsfattande, med eller utan profilering, kommer med all sannolikhet att få en ökad betydelse inom den offentliga förvaltningen. Syftet med denna artikel är att utreda och analysera de rättsliga förutsättningarna för statliga förvaltningsmyndigheter att fatta automatiserade beslut som inbegriper profilering. En fråga som diskuteras i artikeln är huruvida förvaltningslagen (2017:900) lever upp till dataskyddsförordningens krav på lämpliga skyddsåtgärder.

Den som behöver hjälp med att bevaka sin rätt eller att förvalta sin egendom kan under vissa förutsättningar få en förvaltare förordnad av tingsrätten. Den som får en förvaltare förordnad för sig förlorar som regel rådighet över det som omfattas av förvaltaruppdraget. För att en förvaltare ska kunna fullgöra sitt uppdrag är det av betydelse att han eller hon har möjlighet att ta del av handlingar som rör huvudmannen och även uppgifter som omfattas av sekretess.

Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen har i dom HFD 2020 ref. 50, meddelad den 11 november 2020, klargjort vilken rätt en förvaltare har att för huvudmannens räkning ta del av uppgifter hos överförmyndaren som rör ställföreträdarskapet och som omfattas av sekretess.

I artikeln diskuteras och analysers den aktuella domen.

Coronasituationen har påskyndat digitaliseringen av samhället. Den ökade digitaliseringen påverkar även den offentliga förvaltningen. Syftet med digitaliseringen av offentlig sektor är inte sällan att göra den mer tillgänglig och effektiv, till exempel genom att öka graden av automation vid ärendehandläggning och beslutsfattande. I syfte att effektivisera en ärendeprocess kan en myndighet insamla uppgifter från andra myndigheter och enskilda och på grundval av dessa uppgifter fatta automatiserade beslut. Vid automatiserade beslut tar ingen enskild befattningshavare aktivt del i beslutsfattandet. Ett automatiserat beslut kan föregås av profilering. Profilering skulle kunna beskrivas som ett förfarande som bygger på en serie statistiska slutsatser. Profilering används ofta för att göra förutsägelser om personer, genom att med hjälp av uppgifter från olika källor sluta sig till något om en enskild person grundat på statistiskt likartade kvaliteter hos andra personer. Automatiserat beslutsfattande, med eller utan profilering, kommer med all sannolikhet att få en ökad betydelse inom den offentliga förvaltningen. Inte sällan sägs att juridiken utgör ett hinder för digitaliseringen av offentlig sektor. I offentliga utredningar påtalas ofta att det råder en osäkerhet kring vilka rättsliga förutsättningar som föreligger när det gäller en övergång till förfaranden där stora datamängder används i förening med AI och anknytande maskininlärda algoritmer. Syftet med detta föredrag är att belysa rättsliga problem och utmaningar som myndigheter står inför när de ska övergå till automatiserade beslutsprocesser som inbegriper profilering, det vill säga automatiserade beslut som helt utgår ifrån en automatiserad bedömning av personliga egenskaper.