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  • 1.
    Adler, Daniel
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Analys av gjorda och insläppta mål över matchtid i herrallsvenskan i fotboll2011Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Den ultimata indikatorn på ett fotbollslags prestation är matchresultatet som beror på balansen av gjorda och insläppta mål. Syftet med studien var att analysera de allsvenska herrlagens målproduktion under säsongen 2010. Detta för att undersöka de svenska elitlagens förekomst av gjorda och insläppta mål över matchtid. Ytterligare syfte var att undersöka om framgångsrika och mindre framgångsrika lag uppvisar olika mönster gällande dessa parametrar. Samtliga 240 matcher, totalt 600 mål, från säsongen 2010 studerades på förekomst av mål över matchtid. Målen kategoriserades lagvis i åtta stycken tidsperioder. Lagen delades även in i tre olika grupper beroende på tabellplacering. Resultaten baserat på samtliga lag visade signifikant större andel gjorda mål under den andra halvleken jämfört med den första, 55,2% mot 44,8% (p<0,05). Inga signifikanta skillnader mellan 15-minutersperioderna kunde ses. Däremot sågs signifikanta skillnader mellan 15-minutersperioderna inom de olika grupperna. Topplagen uppvisade signifikant större andel insläppta mål under period 76-90min jämfört med 31-45min, 46-60min och 61-75min (p<0,05). Mittenlagen uppvisade signifikant mindre andel insläppta mål under period 76-90min jämfört med 31-45min, 46-60min och 61-75min (p<0,05). Sammanfattningsvis, svenska herr-elitlag följde en ökande trend av gjorda mål över matchtid med större andel mål under andra halvleken jämfört med första. Resultaten antydde även att topplagen uppvisade hög resultatmässig prestation genom hela matcherna medan bottenlagen uppvisade låg prestation och mittenlagen varierande prestation, vilket delvis förklarar varför grupperna placerar sig i toppen, botten och mitten av tabellen.

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  • 2.
    Agnerling, Emma
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Kombinationen av bikarbonat- och koffeinsupplementering förbättrar löpprestation i ett Beep-test2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
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  • 3.
    Ahokas, E K
    et al.
    Unit of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä.
    Kyrolainen, H
    Unit of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä.
    Mero, AA
    Unit of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä.
    Walker, S
    Unit of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä.
    Hanstock, Helen
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Ihalainen, Johanna K.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences. Unit of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä.
    Minimal effect of water immersion on markers of inflammation and muscle damage after intensive exercise2019In: Proc Physiol Soc 44, 2019, article id C43Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Water immersion methods, such as cold water immersion and contrast water therapy are popular recovery interventions after athletic training and competition. Nevertheless, post-exercise cold water immersion may actually inhibit hypertrophic signalling pathways and muscle adaptation to training (1). It is has been commonly assumed that the mechanism of impaired training adaptation is mediated by blunted inflammatory responses to muscle-damaging exercise, although this assumption has been questioned by recent data (2). A weakness of previous studies is omission of active recovery in water immersion interventions, which would arguably be utilised in addition to water immersion by athletic populations. The aim of this study was to compare the influence of three water immersion methods, performed after active recovery, on inflammatory responses to muscle-damaging exercise. Nine male participants (age 20-35 y) performed an intensive exercise protocol, consisting of maximal jumps and sprinting, on four occasions. After each trial, participants completed one of four recovery protocols in a randomised, crossover design (ACT, active recovery only, 10 min cycling; heart rate 120-140 b/min; CWI, active recovery followed by 10 min cold water immersion, 10°C; TWI, active recovery followed by 10 min temperate water immersion, 24°C and CWT, active recovery followed by contrast water therapy, 10 min alternating 10°C and 38°C in 1 min cycles). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the local ethical review board. Venous blood samples were collected pre-exercise and 5 min, 60 min, 24 h, 48 h and 96 h post-exercise, then analysed for myocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and creatine kinase (CK) using ELISA and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) using a chemiluminescence assay. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare biomarker concentrations between groups over time. There were no differences in biomarker concentrations during exercise and recovery between groups across the six time points, however main effects of time were present for all three markers (MCP-1: F(2.32, 18.56) = 23.1, p < 0.0001; CK: F(2.059, 16.47) = 8.74, p = 0.002; hs-CRP: F(1.07, 8.57 = 13.8, p = 0.005). Tukey’s post-hoc analysis of simple time effects revealed increases in MCP-1 at post-5 min versus pre in all groups except CWT. In TWI and CWI, MCP-1 was still elevated above pre at 60 min post-exercise. hs-CRP peaked at 24 h post-exercise in all groups. CK was elevated at post-60 versus pre in all groups and at post-24 except in CWT. Our findings suggest that use of cold or thermoneutral water immersion in combination with active recovery may slightly prolong the immediate post-exercise elevation in MCP-1 but have minimal overall effect on markers of inflammation and muscle damage.

  • 4. Ahokas, Essi K.
    et al.
    Hanstock, Helen
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (HOV).
    Löfberg, Ida
    Nyman, Mari
    Wenning, Piia
    Kyröläinen, Heikki
    Mikkonen, Ritva
    Ihalainen, Johanna K.
    Nocturnal Heart Rate Variability in Women Discordant for Hormonal Contraceptive Use2023In: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, ISSN 0195-9131, E-ISSN 1530-0315, Vol. 55, no 7, p. 1342-1349Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose 

    The aim of this study was to investigate within-cycle differences in nocturnal heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) in naturally menstruating women (NM) and women using combined hormonal contraceptives (CU) or progestin-only hormonal contraceptives (PU).

    Methods 

    Physically active participants were recruited into three groups: NM (n = 19), CU (n = 11), and PU (n = 12). Participants’ HR and HRV (with Bodyguard 2 HRV monitor), and blood hormones were monitored during one menstrual cycle (MC) (NM-group) or for 4 weeks (CU and PU-groups). Estradiol, progesterone, and luteinizing hormone were analyzed from fasting blood samples collected four times in the NM (M1 = bleeding, M2 = follicular phase, M3 = ovulation, and M4 = luteal phase) and PU groups (M1 = lowest E2; M2 = M1 + 7 days; M3 = M1 + 14 days; M4 = M1 + 21 days) and twice in the CU group (active and inactive pill phases). After every blood sample, nightly HR and HRV were recorded and examined as an average from two nights.

    Results 

    Hormonal concentrations differed (p < 0.05) between MC phases in the NM- and PU-groups, but not (p ≥ 0.116) between the active and inactive phases in the CU-group. In the NM- and PU-groups, some of the HRV values were higher, while in the NM-group, HR was lower during M2 compared to M3 (p < 0.049) and M4 (p < 0.035). In the CU-group, HRV values (p = 0.014-0.038) were higher, and HR was lower (p = 0.038) in the inactive phase compared to the first week of the active phase.

    Conclusions 

    The MC and hormonal cycle phases influence autonomic nervous system balance, which is reflected in measurements of nocturnal HR and HRV. This should be considered when monitoring recovery in physically active individuals.

  • 5.
    Ahokas, Essi K.
    et al.
    Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
    Ihalainen, Johanna
    Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
    Hanstock, Helen
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (HOV).
    Savolainen, Eero
    Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
    Kyröläinen, Heikki
    Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
    A post-exercise infrared sauna session improves recovery of neuromuscular performance and muscle soreness after resistance exercise training2023In: Biology of Sport, ISSN 0860-021X, E-ISSN 2083-1862, Vol. 40, no 3, p. 681-689Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    : The aim of this study was to investigate effects of a single infrared sauna (IRS) session on postexercise recovery of neuromuscular performance, autonomic nervous system function, subjective sleep quality, and muscle soreness. Male basketball players (n = 16) performed two trials consisting of a complex resistance exercise protocol (maximal strength with plyometrics), followed by either 20 min passive recovery (PAS) or IRS (temperature 43±5°C), in a randomized crossover design, with trials separated by one week. Recovery of neuromuscular performance was assessed using 20 m maximal sprint, maximal countermovement-jump (CMJ), and isometric leg press tests, performed 14 hours after exercise. Heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), sleep diary, muscle soreness, and indirect muscle damage markers were measured pre and post exercise. The decrease in CMJ performance from pre- to post-exercise was attenuated after IRS compared to PAS (p < 0.01). The IRS session resulted in higher HR and lower root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats (RMSSD), and high and low frequency power, compared to PAS (p < 0.002). Post-exercise night-time HR and HRV did not differ following IRS vs. PAS. Muscle soreness was less severe, and perceived recovery was higher after IRS compared to PAS (p < 0.01). Post-exercise IRS attenuated the drop in explosive performance and decreased subjective muscle soreness after resistance training, which may enhance mood, readiness, and physical performance of an athlete. A single IRS session had no detrimental effects on recovery of the autonomic nervous system.

  • 6.
    Ahokas, Essi
    et al.
    University of Jyväskylä.
    Kyröläinen, H
    University of Jyväskylä.
    Löfberg, I
    University of Jyväskylä.
    Taipale Mikkonen, R
    University of Jyväskylä.
    Hanstock, Helen
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Ihalainen, J
    University of Jyväskylä.
    Menstruation has no effect on heart rate variability and subjective sleep quality of physically active women2021Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    INTRODUCTION:Subjective sleep quality may decrease during menstruation, although the duration and composition of sleep remains relatively stable across the menstrual cycle (MC) (1). Recording heart rate variability (HRV) is a tool to monitor the autonomic nervous system and recovery of the body. Meta-analytical data has not revealed significant changes in HRV from the early follicular phase (menses) to the mid-follicular phase (2). However, reduced HRV-values were observed during menses compared to follicular phase in women with pain during menses (dysmenorrhea) (3). Only a few studies have examined effects of the MC on nocturnal HRV. The aim of this study was to investigate how menses and associated pain affects nocturnal HRV and subjective sleep quality.METHODS:Participants included 14 healthy, physically active women, who did not use hormonal contraception. During one MC, participants completed a diary of sleep, MC and related symptoms. HRV was registered every night (Bodyguard 2, Firstbeat Technologies Ltd., Finland). HRV-data (RMSSD and LF/HF-ratio) were analyzed for two nights after a blood sample and over a four-hour period beginning 30 min after bedtime. Only the menses (M) and mid-follicular phases (FP) are used in this study. Blood samples (estradiol, E2, and progesterone, P4) were collected during M (day 2-3 of the MC) and FP (day 7-10) to ensure normal hormonal function associated with the MC (4).RESULTS:E2 was higher (p=0.012) during FP (267±150 pmol/L) compared to M (143±88 pmol/L), but P4 remained stable (p=0.103). Mean heart rate (HRmean) was higher during M (54±8 beats/min) compared to FP (52±7 beats/min, p=0.022). However, HRV-variables did not differ between M and FP (RMSSD: 76.7±34.5 to 77.3±27.0 ms, p=0.872; LF/HF: 1.416±1.380 to 1.273±0.769, p=0.826). Subjectively-assessed sleep quality remained unchanged between M and FP (p=0.349). The change in RMSSD and HRmean between M and FP did not differ (RMSSD: p=0.728; HRmean: p=0.149) between participants with and without menstrual pains.CONCLUSION:Menses has no effect on nocturnal HRV and subjective sleep quality of physically active women, though the higher nocturnal HRmean during M may indicate decreased recovery during menses.

    REFERENCES:1. Driver, H.S., Werth, E., et al. The Menstrual Cycle Effects on Sleep. Sleep Med Clin 2008, 3:1–11.2. Schmalenberger, K.M., Eisenlohr-Moul, T.M., et al. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Within-Person Changes in Cardiac Vagal Activity across the Menstrual Cycle: Implications for Female Health and Future Studies. J Clin Med 2019, 8:1946.3. Jayamala, A.K., Preethi, B.L., et al. Comparative Analysis of Heart Rate Variability During Different Phases of Menstrual Cycle in Eumenorrhea & Dysmenorrhea Subjects. Exp Clin Physiol Biochem 2017, 1.4. Elliot-Sale, K.J., Minahan, C.L., et al. Methodological Considerations for Studies in Sport and Exercise Science with Women as Participants: A Working Guide for Standards of Practice for Research on Women. Sports Med 2021, 51:843–861.

  • 7.
    Ainegren, Mats
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Engineering and Sustainable Development.
    Roller skis' rolling resistance and grip characteristics: influences on physiological and performance measures in cross-country skiers2012Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this thesis was to investigate roller ski characteristics; classical and freestyle roller skis’ rolling resistance coefficients (μR) and classical style roller skis’ static friction coefficients (μS), and to study the influence of different μR and μS on cross-country skiers’ performance and both physiological and biomechanical indices. The aim was also to study differences in skiing economy and efficiency between recreational skiers, female and male junior and senior elite cross-country skiers.The experiments showed that during a time period of 30 minutes of rolling on a treadmill (warm-up), μR decreased significantly (p<0.05) to about 60-65 % and 70-75 % of its initial value for freestyle and classical roller skis respectively. Also, there was a significant influence of normal force on μR, while different velocities and inclinations of the treadmill only resulted in small changes in μR.The study of the influence on physiological variables of a ~50 % change in μR showed that during submaximal steady rate exercise, external power, oxygen uptake, heart rate and blood lactate were significantly changed, while there were non-significant or only small changes to cycle rate, cycle length and ratings of perceived exertion. Incremental maximal tests showed that time to exhaustion was significantly changed and this occurred without a change in maximal power, maximal oxygen uptake, maximal heart rate and blood lactate, and that the influence on ratings of perceived exertion was non-significant or small.The study of classical style roller skis μS showed values that were five to eight times more than the values of μS reported from on-snow skiing with grip-waxed cross-country skis.The subsequent physiological and biomechanical experiments with different μS showed a significantly lower skiing economy (~14 % higher v̇O2), higher heart rate, lower propulsive forces coming from the legs and shorter time to exhaustion (~30 %) when using a different type of roller ski with a μS similar to on-snow skiing, while there was no difference between tests when using different pairs of roller skis with a (similar) higher μS.The part of the thesis which focused on skiing economy and efficiency as a function of skill, age and gender, showed that the elite cross-country skiers had better skiing economy and higher gross efficiency (5-18 %) compared with the recreational skiers, and the senior elite had better economy and higher efficiency (4-5 %) than their junior counterparts, while no differences could be found between the genders.

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    Doctoral thesis 125
  • 8.
    Ainegren, Mats
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Engineering and Sustainable Development. Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    The rolling resistances of roller skis and their effects on human performance during treadmill roller skiing2010Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Modern ski-treadmills allow cross-country skiers, biathletes and ski-orienteers to test their physical performance in a laboratory environment using classical and freestyle techniques on roller skis. For elite athletes the differences in performance between test occasions are quite small, thus emphasising the importance of knowing the roller skis’ rolling resistance coefficient, µR, in order to allow correct comparisons between the results, as well as providing the opportunity to study work economy between different athletes, test occasions and core techniques.

    Thus, one of the aims of this thesis was to evaluate how roller skis’ µR is related to warm-up, mass, velocity and inclination of the treadmill. It was also necessary to investigate the methodological variability of the rolling resistance measurement system, RRMS, specially produced for the experiments, with a reproducibility study in order to indicate the validity and reliability of the results.

    The aim was also to study physiological responses to different µR during roller skiing with freestyle and classical roller skis and techniques on the treadmill as a case in which all measurements were carried out in stationary and comparable conditions.

    Finally, the aim was also to investigate the work economy of amateurs and female and male junior and senior cross-country skiers during treadmill roller skiing, i.e. as a function of skill, age and gender, including whether differences in body mass causes significant differences in external power per kg due to differences in the roller skis’ µR.

    The experiments showed that during a warm-up period of 30 minutes, µR decreased to about 60-65% and 70-75% of its initial value for freestyle and classical roller skis respectively. For another 30 minutes of rolling no significant change was found. Simultaneous measurements of roller ski temperature and mR showed that stabilized mR corresponds to a certain running temperature for a given normal force on the roller ski. The study of the influence on mR of normal force, velocity and inclination produced a significant influence of normal force on mR, while different velocities and inclinations of the treadmill only resulted in small changes in mR. The reproducibility study of the RRMS showed no significant differences between paired measurements with either classical or the freestyle roller skis.

    The study of the effects on physiological variables of ~50% change in µR,showed that during submaximal steady state exercise, external power, oxygen uptake, heart rate and blood lactate were significantly changed, while there were non significant or only small changes to cycle rate, cycle length and ratings of perceived exertion. Incremental maximal tests showed that time to exhaustion was significantly changed and this occurred without a significantly changed maximal power, maximal oxygen uptake, maximal heart rate and blood lactate, and that the influence on ratings of perceived exertion was non significant or small.

    The final part of the thesis, which focused on work economy, found no significant difference between the four groups of elite competitors, i.e. between the two genders and between the junior and senior elite athletes. It was only the male amateurs who significantly differed among the five studied groups. The study also showed that the external power per kg was significantly different between the two genders due to differences in body mass and mR, i.e. the lighter female testing groups were roller skiing with a relatively heavier rolling resistance coefficient compared to the heavier testing groups of male participants.

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    FULLTEXT01
  • 9.
    Ainegren, Mats
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Quality Technology and Management, Mechanical Engineering and Mathematics.
    Carlsson, Peter
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Quality Technology and Management, Mechanical Engineering and Mathematics.
    Laaksonen, Marko S.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Tinnsten, Mats
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Quality Technology and Management, Mechanical Engineering and Mathematics.
    The influence of grip on oxygen consumption and leg forces when using classical style roller skis2014In: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, ISSN 0905-7188, E-ISSN 1600-0838, Vol. 24, no 2, p. 301-310Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of classical style roller skis' grip (static friction coefficients, μ S) on cross-country skiers' oxygen consumption and leg forces during treadmill roller skiing, when using the diagonal stride and kick double poling techniques. The study used ratcheted wheel roller skis from the open market and a uniquely designed roller ski with an adjustable camber and grip function. The results showed significantly (P≤0.05) higher oxygen consumption (∼14%), heart rate (∼7%), and lower propulsive forces from the legs during submaximal exercise and a shorter time to exhaustion (∼30%) in incremental maximal tests when using roller skis with a μ S similar to on-snow skiing, while there was no difference between tests when using different pairs of roller skis with a similar, higher μ S. Thus, we concluded that oxygen consumption (skiing economy), propulsive leg forces, and performance time are highly changed for the worse when using roller skis with a lower μ S, such as for on-snow skiing with grip-waxed cross-country skis, in comparison to ratcheted wheel roller skis with several times higher μ S.

  • 10.
    Ainegren, Mats
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Quality Technology and Management, Mechanical Engineering and Mathematics.
    Carlsson, Peter
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Quality Technology and Management, Mechanical Engineering and Mathematics.
    Tinnsten, Mats
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Quality Technology and Management, Mechanical Engineering and Mathematics.
    An experimental study to compare the grip of classical style roller skis with on-snow skiing2013In: Sports Engineering, ISSN 1369-7072, E-ISSN 1460-2687, Vol. 16, no 2, p. 115-122Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Cross-country skiers use roller skis for their snow-free training with the aim of imitating skiing on snow. Also, exercise laboratories evaluate the biomechanics and physiology of cross-country skiing using roller skis on a treadmill. The roller skis on the market that are constructed for use in the classical style are equipped with a front and a back wheel, one of which has a ratchet to enable it to grip the surface when diagonal striding and kick double poling (static friction). The aim of this study was to investigate static friction coefficients (μS) of ratcheted wheel roller skis, and compare the results to the μS reported from skiing on snow with grip-waxed cross-country skis. Also, a new type of roller ski with a camber and adjustable grip function was evaluated. The results showed that ratcheted wheel roller skis, on a treadmill rubber mat and on dry and wet asphalt surfaces, reached μS values that were five to eight times greater than the values reported from on-snow skiing with grip-waxed cross-country skis. For the roller skis with a camber and adjustable grip function, the μs could be varied from no grip at all up to the level of the tested ratcheted wheel roller skis.

  • 11.
    Ainegren, Mats
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Engineering and Sustainable Development. Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Carlsson, Peter
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Engineering and Sustainable Development.
    Tinnsten, Mats
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Engineering and Sustainable Development.
    Roller ski rolling resistance and its effects on elite athletes’ performance2009In: Sports Engineering, ISSN 1369-7072, E-ISSN 1460-2687, Vol. 11, no 3, p. 143-157Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Modern ski-treadmills allow cross-country skiers, biathletes and ski-orienteers to test their physical fitness in a laboratory environment whilst performing classical and freestyle (skating) techniques on roller skis. For elite athletes, the differences in performance between test occasions are quite small, thus emphasising the importance of knowing the roller skis’ rolling resistance in order to allow the correct comparison between the results of different test occasions. In this study, the roller skis’ rolling resistance was measured on the ski-treadmill’s surface using a roller ski rolling resistance measurement system specially produced for this purpose. The study investigated the influence of significant changes in rolling resistance on physiological variables. The results showed that during submaximal exercise, power, oxygen uptake, heart rate and blood lactate were significantly changed by different rolling resistances, while there were no significant or only small changes to cycle rate, cycle length and ratings of perceived exertion. Incremental maximal tests showed that time to exhaustion was significantly changed by different rolling resistances and this occurred without significant changes in maximal power, maximal oxygen uptake, maximal heart rate and blood lactate, and that the influence on ratings of perceived exertion were insignificant or small.

     

  • 12.
    Ainegren, Mats
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Engineering and Sustainable Development. Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Carlsson, Peter
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Engineering and Sustainable Development.
    Tinnsten, Mats
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Engineering and Sustainable Development.
    Roller ski rolling resistance and its effects on elite athletes’ performance2008In: ENGINEERING OF SPORT 7, VOL 2, 2008, Vol. 11, no 3, p. 393-400Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Modern ski-treadmills allow cross-country skiers, biathletes and ski-orienteers to test their physical fitness in a laboratory environment whilst performing classical and freestyle (skating) techniques on roller skis. For elite athletes the differences in performance between test occasions are quite small, thus emphasising the importance of knowing the roller skis’ rolling resistance in order to allow the correct comparison between the results of different test occasions. In this study the roller skis’ rolling resistance has been measured using equipment on the ski-treadmill. The study investigates the influence of significant changes in rolling resistance on physiological variables. The results show that during submaximal exercise, heart rate, blood lactate, power and oxygen uptake are significantly changed by different rolling resistances, while there are no significant or only small changes to cycle rate, cycle length and ratings of perceived exertion. Incremental maximal tests show that time to exhaustion is significantly changed by different rolling resistances and this occurred without significant changes in maximal oxygen uptake and heart rate, and the influence on maximal power and ratings of perceived exertion were insignificant or small.

  • 13.
    Ainegren, Mats
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Engineering and Sustainable Development. Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Carlsson, Peter
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Engineering and Sustainable Development.
    Tinnsten, Mats
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Engineering and Sustainable Development.
    Rolling resistance for treadmill roller skiing2008In: Sports Engineering, ISSN 1369-7072, E-ISSN 1460-2687, Vol. 11, no 1, p. 23-29Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Modern treadmills allow cross-country skiers, biathletes and ski-orienteers to test their physical performance under laboratory conditions using classical and freestyle techniques on roller skis. The differences in performance between tests are quite small for elite athletes, and it is therefore of great importance to control the rolling resistance of the roller skis. Otherwise different physiological tests cannot be accurately compared.

    This study shows that during a warm-up period of  30 minutes the coefficient of rolling resistance (µR) decreases to about 60-65% and 70-75% of its initial value for freestyle and classical roller skis respectively.

    Simultaneous measurements of temperature and µR shows that stabilized rolling resistance corresponds to a certain running temperature for a given normal force on the roller ski.

    Tests were also performed on the influence on µR of normal force, velocity and inclination. Normal forces produced significant influence on µR , while different velocities and inclinations of the treadmill only resulted in small changes in µR.

  • 14.
    Ainegren, Mats
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Carlsson, Peter
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics.
    Tinnsten, Mats
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics.
    Rolling resistance for treadmill roller skiing: Presented at International Congress on Science and Nordic Skiing 2006, June 18-20, 2006, Vuokatti, Finland2006Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 15.
    Ainegren, Mats
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Engineering and Sustainable Development. Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Carlsson, Peter
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Engineering and Sustainable Development.
    Tinnsten, Mats
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Engineering and Sustainable Development.
    Laaksonen, Marko
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Work economy of amateur and elite cross-country skiers during treadmill roller skiing2009In: 4th Asia Pacific Congress on Sports Technology, APCST2009, 2009Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study focused on the work economy of cross-country skiers during treadmill roller skiing in the perspectives; skill, age and gender. The study was investigating the external power output from elevating the transported mass against gravity and overcoming the roller skis rolling resistance, and the internal power from measured oxygen uptake and energy consumption. The roller skis rolling resistance was measured with a fixture on the ski-treadmill and the results showed a significant correlation between normal force and rolling resistance. The results also showed that it was only the amateur skiers who significantly differed in work economy among the five studied groups.

  • 16.
    Ainegren, Mats
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Quality Technology and Management, Mechanical Engineering and Mathematics.
    Carlsson, Peter
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Quality Technology and Management, Mechanical Engineering and Mathematics.
    Tinnsten, Mats
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Quality Technology and Management, Mechanical Engineering and Mathematics.
    Laaksonen, Marko S.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Quality Technology and Management, Mechanical Engineering and Mathematics.
    Skiing economy and efficiency in recreational and elite cross-country skiers2013In: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, ISSN 1064-8011, E-ISSN 1533-4287, Vol. 27, no 5, p. 1239-1252Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare skiing economy and gross efficiency in cross-country skiers of different performance levels, ages and genders; male recreational skiers and elite senior and junior cross-country skiers of both genders. The skiers performed tests involving roller skiing on a treadmill using the gear 3 and diagonal stride techniques. The elite crosscountry skiers were found to have better skiing economy and higher gross efficiency (5-18%) compared with the recreational skiers (p < 0.05) and the senior elite had better economy and higher efficiency (4-5%) than their junior counterparts (p < 0.05), whereas no differences could be found between the genders. Also, large ranges in economy and gross efficiency were found in all groups. It was concluded that, in addition to v̇O2peak, skiing economy and gross efficiency have a great influence on the differences in performance times between recreational and junior and senior elite cross-country skiers, as well as between individual skiers within the different categories. Thus, we recommend crosscountry skiers at all performance levels to test not only v̇O2peak, but also skiing economy and efficiency.

  • 17.
    Ainegren, Mats
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Quality Management and Mechanical Engineering.
    Jensen, Kurt
    The University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
    Rosdahl, Hans
    The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Breathing resistance in metabolic systems: Its effects on pulmonary ventilation and oxygen uptake in elite athletes with high aerobic power2020In: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, ISSN 1754-3371, Vol. 234, no 3, p. 217-226Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this study was to investigate the effects on pulmonary ventilation and oxygen uptake ((Formula presented.) O2) in athletes with a very high maximal oxygen uptake ((Formula presented.) O2max) and corresponding high ventilation capacity when using a modern metabolic system with relatively high resistance to breathing (HIGHRES), compared to a traditional system with low resistance to breathing (LOWRES). Four rowers and three cross-country skiers (without asthma), competing at a high international level, performed in experimental conditions with LOWRES and HIGHRES using a rowing ergometer and roller skis on a treadmill. The results showed that (Formula presented.) O2, blood lactate, heart rate and respiratory exchange ratio were not different between the LOWRES and HIGHRES test conditions during both submaximal and maximal exercise. Also, the athlete’s time to exhaustion (treadmill) and mean power (rowing ergometer) from maximal tests were no different between the two conditions. However, ventilation and expiratory O2 and CO2 concentrations were different for both submaximal and maximal exercise. Thus, the authors have concluded that the differences in resistance to breathing of metabolic systems influence elite endurance athletes (Formula presented.) E at low to very high workloads, thus affecting the expired gas fractions, but not the submaximal (Formula presented.) O2, (Formula presented.) O2max and performance in a laboratory setting at sea level. 

  • 18.
    Ainegren, Mats
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Quality Management and Mechanical Engineering. SportsTech Research Centre, Mid Sweden University.
    Michel, Frank
    Vaude Sports GmbH & Co., I-Team, Tettnang, Germany.
    Klauer, Robert
    Vaude Sports GmbH & Co., I-Team, Tettnang, Germany.
    Kopyug, Andrey
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Quality Management and Mechanical Engineering. Mid Sweden University, Dept of Mechanical Engineering.
    Bäckström, Mikael
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Quality Management and Mechanical Engineering. SportsTech Research Centre, Mid Sweden University.
    Samuelsson, David
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Quality Management and Mechanical Engineering.
    Ahnesjö, Magnus
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Quality Management and Mechanical Engineering.
    Litzenberger, Stefan
    Competence Center Sports Engineering, Biomechanics & Ergonomics, University of Applied Sciences Technikum, Wien, Austria.
    A Study of Skin-Close Heat and Moisture with Different Types of Backpacks in Cycling2020In: The 13th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association / [ed] Motomu Nakashima, Takeo Maruyama and Yusuke Miyazaki, MDPI, 2020, Vol. 49, article id 86Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this project was to evaluate effects of backpacks with different design intended for use during cycling on skin-close temperature and relative humidity, oxygen uptake, heart rate and aerodynamic drag. Seven subjects took part in the study cycling on a mountain bike mounted on a “smart trainer” placed on a force plate in a wind tunnel. Three series of experiments were carried out: without backpack, with conventional backpack and with a backpack having innovative rear panel design. As hypothesized, the results showed that an innovatively designed backpack with the ducts deflecting part of the airflow towards some areas of the user’s back provided lower temperature and relative humidity for the microclimate compared to a conventional backpack without airflow channels. Further, reference tests without any backpack resulted in the lowest temperature and humidity. However, no differences were found between the three tests for oxygen uptake, heart rate and aerodynamic drag.

  • 19.
    Ainegren, Mats
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Quality Technology and Management, Mechanical Engineering and Mathematics.
    Rännar, Lars-Erik
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Quality Technology and Management, Mechanical Engineering and Mathematics.
    Carlsson, Peter
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Quality Technology and Management, Mechanical Engineering and Mathematics.
    Tinnsten, Mats
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Quality Technology and Management, Mechanical Engineering and Mathematics.
    The multifunctional roller ski2013In: Science and Nordic Skiing II / [ed] Hakkarainen A, Linnamo V, Lindinger S, University of Salzburg, University of Jyväskylä , 2013, p. 253-261Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 20. Alkner, B.A
    et al.
    Berg, H.E
    Kozlovskaya, I
    Sayenko, D
    Tesch, P.A
    Effects of strength training, using a gravity-independent exercise system, performed during 110 days of simulated space station confinement2003In: European Journal of Applied Physiology, ISSN 1439-6319, E-ISSN 1439-6327, Vol. 90, no 1-2, p. 44-49Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 21. Alkner, B.A
    et al.
    Tesch, P.A
    Berg, H.E
    Quadriceps EMG/force relationship in knee extension and leg press2000In: Journal of Gravitational Physiology, Vol. 32, no 2, p. 459-463Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 22. Alkner, Björn A
    et al.
    Tesch, Per A
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Knee extensor and plantar flexor muscle size and function following 90 days of bed rest with or without resistance exercise.2004In: European Journal of Applied Physiology, ISSN 1439-6319, Vol. 93, no 3, p. 294-305Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Skeletal muscle atrophy and strength loss induced by short-term simulated spaceflight are offset or attenuated by resistance exercise (RE). This study compared the effects of plantar flexor and knee extensor RE on muscle size and function in 17 healthy men (aged 26–41years) subjected to 90 days 6 head-down-tilt bed rest with (BRE; n=8) or without (BR; n=9) RE. The RE program consisted of coupled maximal concentric and eccentric actions in the supine squat (4 sets of 7 repetitions) and calf press (4·14) every third day employing a gravity-independent flywheel ergometer (FW). Prior to, and following bed rest, muscle volume was assessed using magnetic resonance imaging. Similarly, muscle strength and power and surface lectromyographic (EMG) activity were determined during maximal actions using FW or isokinetic dynamometry. In BR, knee extensor and plantar flexor muscle volume decreased (P<0.05) 18% and 29%, respectively. Torque or force and power decreased (P<0.05) 31–60% (knee extension) and 37–56% (plantar flexion) while knee extensor and plantar flexor EMG activity decreased 31–38% and 28–35%, respectively following BR. Muscle atrophy in BRE was prevented (P>0.05; knee extensors) or attenuated ()15%; plantar flexors). BRE maintained task-specific force, power and EMG activity. The decrease in non-task-specific torque was less (P<0.05) than in BR. The present data imply that the triceps surae and quadriceps muscles show different responsiveness to long-term bed rest with or without resistance exercise. The results also suggest that designing in-flight resistance exercise protocols for space travellers is complex and must extend beyond preserving

  • 23. Alkner, Björn
    et al.
    Tesch, Per A
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Efficacy of a gravity-independent resistance exercise device as a countermeasure to muscle atrophy during 29-day bed rest.2004In: Acta Physioloogica Scandinavica, ISSN 0001-6772, Vol. 181, no 3, p. 345-357Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study determined changes in knee extensor and plantar flexor muscle volume during 29 days of bed rest with or without resistance exercise using a gravity-independent flywheel ergometer. METHODS: Seventeen men (26-41 years) were subjected to 29 days of bed rest with (n = 8) or without (n = 9) resistance exercise; Supine Squat (SS) and Calf Press (CP) performed every third day. Quadriceps and triceps surae muscle volume was determined before and after bed rest and force and power were measured during training. Prior to these interventions, reproducibility of this device for training and testing was assessed in 23 subjects who performed bilateral maximal concentric, eccentric and isometric (MVC) knee extensions and plantar flexions over repeated sessions with simultaneous measurements of force, power and electromyographic (EMG) activity. RESULTS: Quadriceps and triceps surae muscle volume decreased (P < 0.05) 10 and 16%, respectively, after 29 days bed rest. Exercise maintained quadriceps volume and mitigated triceps surae atrophy. Thus, either muscle showed different response across subject groups (P < 0.05). Force and power output during training were either maintained (P > 0.05) or increased (P < 0.05). EMG amplitude in the training mode was similar (SS; P > 0.05) or greater (CP; P < 0.05) compared with that elicited during MVC. Peak force and power test-retest coefficient of variation (CV) ranged 5-6% and 7-8% for SS and CP, respectively. CONCLUSION: The present data suggest that this resistance exercise paradigm counteracts quadriceps and abates the more substantial triceps surae muscle atrophy in bedridden subjects, and therefore should be an important asset to space travellers.

  • 24.
    Alricsson, Marie
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Dans ger bättre resultat i skidspåren? 1999Other (Other (popular scientific, debate etc.))
  • 25.
    Alricsson, Marie
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Dans ger friskare ryggar hos längdåkare2004In: Glid, ISSN 1652-2737, no 4Article in journal (Other (popular scientific, debate etc.))
  • 26.
    Alricsson, Marie
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences. Linnaeus University.
    Björklund, Glenn
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences. Swedish Sports Confederat.
    Ekström, A.
    Linnaeus University.
    Ostenberg, A. Hafsteinsson
    Linnaeus University.
    Introducing Tabata intervals and stability exercises in school children by a school-based study2016In: European Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1101-1262, E-ISSN 1464-360X, Vol. 26, no Issue suppl_1, p. 417-417Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 27.
    Alricsson, Marie
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Domalewski, D
    Physical activity, health and prevalence of overweight and musculoskeletal complaints in young women2008In: Exercise and Women's Health Research, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2008, p. 143-155Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 28.
    Alricsson, Marie
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Harms-Ringdahl, Karin
    Eriksson, K
    Werner, Suzanne
    The effect of dance training on joint mobility, muscle flexibility, speed and agility in young cross-country skiers,: a prospective controlled intervention study.2003In: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, ISSN 0905-7188, Vol. 13, no 4, p. 237-243Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 29.
    Alricsson, Marie
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Harms-Ringdahl, Karin
    Schüldt, Kristina
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Ekholm, Jan
    linder, Jürgen
    Mobility, muscular strength and endurance in the cervical spine in Swedish air force pilots2001In: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, ISSN 0095-6562, Vol. 72, no 4, p. 336-342Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    PURPOSE: Muscle strength, endurance and range of movement of the cervical spine in a group of Swedish Air Force jet pilots (AF) and in a reference group of conscripts doing their military service (RG) were compared. METHODS: We tested 30 (AF) 24-42 yr and 33 (RG) 19-22 yr. A questionnaire was used to document complaints. Maximum voluntary isometric muscle strength of the flexor and extensor muscles of the cervical spine and sub-maximum isometric endurance in the flexor and extensor muscles were measured. RESULTS: Eleven AF (37%) and four RG (12%) had experienced discomfort in the neck within the previous year. The pilots' flexor and extensor muscle strength (47 Nm and 65 Nm) was superior to that of the conscripts (36 Nm and 59 Nm) (p = 0.0001, p = < 0.05, respectively). However, the RG group had greater isometric endurance in the flexor muscles than AF (p = < 0.05) and greater neck rotation (p = <0.005). There was no difference between the two groups in the other variables. CONCLUSION: Differences between the groups with regard to muscle strength and endurance might depend on variations in work-related physical muscle strain, and/or differences in fiber composition in the muscles, which might be reflected by pilot selection procedures.

  • 30.
    Alricsson, Marie
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Harms-Ringdahl, Karin
    Werner, Suzanne
    Reliability of sports related functional tests with emphasis on speed and agility in young athletes.2001In: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, ISSN 0905-7188, Vol. 11, no 4, p. 229-232Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of the present investigation was to test the reliability of two sports related functional tests, a speed test (slalom-test) and an agility test (hurdle-test). Eleven athletes aged 11 years (8 boys, 3 girls) participated voluntarily in the study. All subjects completed four different test sessions for both the slalom-test and the hurdle-test using six standard track hurdles placed at 2-m intervals along a 12-m length of track. There were no significant differences between testing sessions for either the slalom-test (P=0.99) or the hurdle-test (P=0.96), showing no systematic variation between test times. The intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.96 and 0.90 respectively, indicating a good reliability. We conclude that the slalom-test and the hurdle-test are reliable sports related functional tests for measuring speed and agility in groups of young athletic individuals.

  • 31.
    Alricsson, Marie
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Landstad, Bodil
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Physical activity, self-related health and complaints in adolescents2007In: Adolescent behaviour research: International perspectives, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2007, , p. 179p. 119-128Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 32.
    Alricsson, Marie
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Werner, Suzanne
    Dansträning för längdskidåkare: får jag lov, Per Elofsson?2002In: Svensk idrottsforskning, ISSN 1103-4629, Vol. 11, no 4, p. 77-79Article in journal (Other scientific)
  • 33.
    Alricsson, Marie
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Werner, Suzanne
    Dansträning ger längdskidåkare mindre ryggbesvär. 2004In: Svensk Idrottsmedicin, ISSN 1103-7652, Vol. 23, no 2, p. 23-26Article in journal (Other scientific)
  • 34.
    Alricsson, Marie
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Werner, Suzanne
    Hälsa, aktivitetsgrad och besvärsfrekvens bland längdskidåkare vid Sveriges riksskidgymnasier.2004In: Svensk idrottsforskning, ISSN 1103-4629, Vol. 13, no 1, p. 22-24Article in journal (Other scientific)
  • 35.
    Alricsson, Marie
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Werner, Suzanne
    Reliability tests of joint motion and muscle flexibility of the hip. 2002In: Nordisk fysioterapi, ISSN 1402-3024, Vol. 6, no 3, p. 119-124Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 36.
    Alricsson, Marie
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences. Section of Sports Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm.
    Werner, Suzanne
    Section of Sports Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm; Capio Artro Clinic, S:t Görans Hospital, Stockholm.
    Self-reported health, physical activity and prevalence of complaints in elite cross-country skiers and matched controls2005In: Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, ISSN 0022-4707, E-ISSN 1827-1928, Vol. 45, no 4, p. 547-552Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim. The purpose of this study was to compare physical health, physical activity and location for possible symptoms in high school students with cross-country skiers of the same age from ski high schools. Another aim was to study back pain with regards to influence on skiing.Methods. The subjects studied were: 92% (n=120) of all Swedish cross-country skiers at ski high schools and 68% (n=993) of regular high school students from the North part of Sweden answered a reliable questionnaire (r=1) with regards to health, physical activity and location of possible symptoms/injuries during the last 3 months. Furthermore, the skiers answered questions on possible ski related back pain.Results. All skiers were active also in other sports compared with 26% of the controls and at considerably higher levels of physical effort than the controls; 92% of the skiers and 76% of the controls described themselves as healthy, meaning "very good" or "good" (P=0.0001); 55% of the skiers and 64% of the controls reported recent symptoms (P=0.06); 47% of the skiers reported previous or present complaints of back pain, mainly low back pain, which could be relieved by changing body position from a flexed to a more extended one while skiing, and 77% reported their back pain to disappear during rest.Conclusion. These results show the need for encouraging regular high school students to participate in sport. It also shows the importance of introducing preventative strategies regarding back pain to long-distance cross-country skiers, who are exposed to a prolonged flexed position of their back.

  • 37.
    Alricsson, Marie
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Werner, Suzanne
    The effect of pre-season dance training on physical indices and back pain in elite cross-country skiers: a prospective controlled intervention study2004In: British journal of sports medicine, ISSN 0306-3674, Vol. 38, no 2, p. 148-153Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 38.
    Alricsson, Marie
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Werner, Suzanne
    Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm.
    Young elite cross-country skiers and low back pain: A 5-year study2006In: Physical Therapy in Sport, ISSN 1466-853X, E-ISSN 1873-1600, Vol. 7, no 4, p. 181-184Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objectives To evaluate possible changes in spinal curvature over a period of 5 years of an elite cross-country skiing squad, and to study whether there are any differences in this respect between individuals who report low back pain and those how do not. Participants Fifteen young cross-country skiers (M age=13.6±0.9) participated voluntarily throughout the entire study period. Main outcome measures Debrunner's kyphometer was used for measuring the difference between thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis of the spine. All subjects also answered a questionnaire including questions about ski-related low back pain, the amount of ski training, and participation in other sports. Results The results at the end of the 5-year period comprise data from 15 skiers (M age=18.5±0.9 years). The relationship between thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis increased from 3.5° to 13.1°, respectively (p=0.0001). Of the 15 elite cross-country skiers, seven reported low back pain at the 5-year examination. At the 5-year follow-up, skiers with low back pain showed significantly higher relationship between thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis than did those skiers without low back pain, 18.2° and 10.5°, respectively (p=0.035). Of the eight elite cross-country skiers without low back pain, seven were also involved in other sports (p=0.005). Conclusions Based on these findings, our advice is that adolescent cross-country skiers also should participate in other physical activities besides cross-country skiing.

  • 39.
    Andersson, Erik
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    d-GPS analys av tävlingsprestation i en sprintprolog på längdskidor i fri stil2008Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
  • 40.
    Andersson, Erik
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences. UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
    Björklund, Glenn
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    McGawley, Kerry
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Anaerobic Capacity in Running: The Effect of Computational Method2021In: Frontiers in Physiology, E-ISSN 1664-042X, Vol. 12, no August, p. 1-13, article id 708172Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Introduction: To date, no study has compared anaerobic capacity (AnC) estimates computed with the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) method and the gross energy cost (GEC) method applied to treadmill running exercise.

    Purpose: Four different models for estimating anaerobic energy supply during treadmill running exercise were compared.

    Methods: Fifteen endurance-trained recreational athletes performed, after a 10-min warm-up, five 4-min stages at ∼55–80% of peak oxygen uptake, and a 4-min time trial (TT). Two linear speed-metabolic rate (MR) regression models were used to estimate the instantaneous required MR during the TT (MRTT_req), either including (5+YLIN) or excluding (5-YLIN) a measured Y-intercept. Also, the average GEC (GECAVG) based on all five submaximal stages, or the GEC based on the last submaximal stage (GECLAST), were used as models to estimate the instantaneous MRTT_req. The AnC was computed as the difference between the MRTT_req and the aerobic MR integrated over time.

    Results: The GEC remained constant at ∼4.39 ± 0.29 J⋅kg–1⋅m–1 across the five submaximal stages and the TT was performed at a speed of 4.7 ± 0.4 m⋅s–1. Compared with the 5-YLIN, GECAVG, and GECLAST models, the 5+YLIN model generated a MRTT_req that was ∼3.9% lower, with corresponding anaerobic capacities from the four models of 0.72 ± 0.20, 0.74 ± 0.16, 0.74 ± 0.15, and 0.54 ± 0.14 kJ⋅kg–1, respectively (F1.07,42 = 13.9, P = 0.002). The GEC values associated with the TT were 4.22 ± 0.27 and 4.37 ± 0.30 J⋅kg–1⋅m–1 for 5+YLIN and 5-YLIN, respectively (calculated from the regression equation), and 4.39 ± 0.28 and 4.38 ± 0.27 J⋅kg–1⋅m–1 for GECAVG and GECLAST, respectively (F1.08,42 = 14.6, P < 0.001). The absolute typical errors in AnC ranged between 0.03 and 0.16 kJ⋅kg–1 for the six pair-wise comparisons and the overall standard error of measurement (SEM) was 0.16 kJ⋅kg–1.

    Conclusion: These findings demonstrate a generally high disagreement in estimated anaerobic capacities between models and show that the inclusion of a measured Y-intercept in the linear regression (i.e., 5+YLIN) is likely to underestimate the MRTT_req and the GEC associated with the TT, and hence the AnC during maximal 4-min treadmill running.

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  • 41.
    Andersson, Erik
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences. The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
    Noordhof, Dionne A.
    Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
    de Koning, Jos J.
    Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
    Stöggl, Thomas L.
    University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Salzburg, Austria.
    Björklund, Glenn
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Editorial: Anaerobic Energy/Work Supply in Endurance Activities—The Importance and Effect of Computational Method2021In: Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, E-ISSN 2624-9367, Vol. 3, no November, article id 777419Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 42.
    Andersson, Erik P.
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (HOV). UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
    Bachl, Philipp
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (HOV). University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
    Schmuttermair, Anna
    Univ Salzburg, Dept Sport & Exercise Sci, Salzburg, Austria..
    Staunton, Craig A.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (HOV).
    Stöggl, Thomas L.
    Univ Salzburg, Dept Sport & Exercise Sci, Salzburg, Austria.;Red Bull Athlete Performance Ctr, Salzburg, Austria..
    Anaerobic work capacity in cycling: the effect of computational method2022In: European Journal of Applied Physiology, ISSN 1439-6319, E-ISSN 1439-6327, Vol. 122, p. 2637-2650Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose To compare the anaerobic work capacity (AnWC, i.e., attributable anaerobic mechanical work) assessed using four different approaches/models applied to time-trial (TT) cycle-ergometry exercise. Methods Fifteen male cyclists completed a 7 x 4-min submaximal protocol and a 3-min all-out TT (TTAO). Linear relationships between power output (PO) and submaximal metabolic rate were constructed to estimate TT-specific gross efficiency (GE) and AnWC, using either a measured resting metabolic rate as a Y-intercept (7 + Y-LIN) or no measured Y-intercept (7-Y-LIN). In addition, GE of the last submaximal bout (GE(LAST)) was used to estimate AnWC, and critical power (CP) from TTAO (CP3'AO) was used to estimate mechanical work above CP (W', i.e., "AnWC"). Results Average PO during TTAO was 5.43 +/- 0.30 and CP was 4.48 +/- 0.23 W.kg(-1). The TT-associated GE values were similar to 22.0% for both 7 + Y-LIN and 7-Y-LIN and similar to 21.1% for GE(LAST) (both P < 0.001). The AnWC were 269 +/- 60, 272 +/- 55, 299 +/- 61, and 196 +/- 52 J.kg(-1) for the 7 + Y-LIN, 7 Y-LIN, GE(LAST), and CP3'AO models, respectively (7 + Y-LIN and 7-Y-LIN versus GE(LAST), both P <0.001; 7+ Y-LIN, 7 Y-LIN, and GE(LAST) versus CP3'AO, all P < 0.01). For the three pair-wise comparisons between 7+ Y-LIN, 7-Y-LIN, and GE(LAST), typical errors in AnWC values ranged from 7 to 11 J.kg(-1), whereas 7+ Y-LIN, 7-Y-LIN, and GE(LAST) versus CP3'AO revealed typical errors of 55-59 J.kg(-1). Conclusion These findings demonstrate a substantial disagreement in AnWC between CP3'AO and the other models. The 7 + Y-LIN and 7-Y-LIN generated 10% lower AnWC values than the GE(LAST) model, whereas 7 + Y-LIN and 7-Y-LIN generated similar values of AnWC.

  • 43.
    Andersson, Erik P.
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences. UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
    Hämberg, Irina
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Do Nascimento Salvador, P. C.
    Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil.
    McGawley, Kerry
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Physiological responses and cycle characteristics during double-poling versus diagonal-stride roller-skiing in junior cross-country skiers2021In: European Journal of Applied Physiology, ISSN 1439-6319, E-ISSN 1439-6327, Vol. 121, no 8, p. 2229-2241Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: This study aimed to compare physiological factors and cycle characteristics during cross-country (XC) roller-skiing at matched inclines and speeds using the double-poling (DP) and diagonal-stride (DS) sub-techniques in junior female and male XC skiers. Methods: Twenty-three well-trained junior XC skiers (11 women, 12 men; age 18.2 ± 1.2 yr.) completed two treadmill roller-skiing tests in a randomized order using either DP or DS. The exercise protocols were identical and included a 5 min warm-up, 4 × 5 min submaximal stages, and an incremental test to exhaustion, all performed at a 5° incline. Results: No significant three-way interactions were observed between sex, submaximal exercise intensity, and sub-technique. For the pooled sample, higher values were observed for DP versus DS during submaximal exercise for the mean oxygen uptake kinetics response time (33%), energy cost (18%), heart rate (HR) (9%), blood lactate concentration (5.1 versus 2.1 mmol·L−1), rating of perceived exertion (12%), and cycle rate (25%), while cycle length was lower (19%) (all P &lt; 0.001). During the time-to-exhaustion (TTE) test, peak oxygen uptake (V˙ O2peak), peak HR, and peak oxygen pulse were 8%, 2%, and 6% lower, respectively, for DP than DS, with a 29% shorter TTE during DP (pooled data, all P &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: In well-trained junior XC skiers, DP was found to exert a greater physiological load than DS during uphill XC roller-skiing at submaximal intensities. During the TTE test, both female and male athletes were able to ski for longer and reached markedly higher V˙ O2peak values when using DS compared to DP. 

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  • 44.
    Andersson, Erik P.
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (HOV). UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
    Lögdal, Nestor
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (HOV). University of Gävle.
    Byrne, Darragh
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (HOV).
    Jones, Thomas W.
    Physiological responses and performance factors for double-poling and diagonal-stride treadmill roller-skiing time-trial exercise2023In: European Journal of Applied Physiology, ISSN 1439-6319, E-ISSN 1439-6327, Vol. 123, no 11, p. 2495-2509Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: To compare physiological responses between a self-paced 4-min double-poling (DP) time-trial (TTDP) versus a 4-min diagonal-stride (DS) time-trial (TTDS). The relative importance of peak oxygen uptake (V ˙ O2peak), anaerobic capacity, and gross efficiency (GE) for projection of 4-min TTDP and TTDS roller-skiing performances were also examined. Methods: Sixteen highly trained male cross-country skiers performed, in each sub-technique on separate occasions, an 8 × 4-min incremental submaximal protocol, to assess individual metabolic rate (MR) versus power output (PO) relationships, followed by a 10-min passive break and then the TTDP or TTDS, with a randomized order between sub-techniques. Results: In comparison to TTDS, the TTDP resulted in 10 ± 7% lower total MR, 5 ± 4% lower aerobic MR, 30 ± 37% lower anaerobic MR, and 4.7 ± 1.2 percentage points lower GE, which resulted in a 32 ± 4% lower PO (all P &lt; 0.01). The V ˙ O2peak and anaerobic capacity were 4 ± 4% and 30 ± 37% lower, respectively, in DP than DS (both P &lt; 0.01). The PO for the two time-trial (TT) performances were not significantly correlated (R 2 = 0.044). Similar parabolic pacing strategies were used during both TTs. Multivariate data analysis projected TT performance using V ˙ O2peak, anaerobic capacity, and GE (TTDP, R 2 = 0.974; TTDS, R 2 = 0.848). The variable influence on projection values for V ˙ O2peak, anaerobic capacity, and GE were for TTDP, 1.12 ± 0.60, 1.01 ± 0.72, and 0.83 ± 0.38, respectively, and TTDS, 1.22 ± 0.35, 0.93 ± 0.44, and 0.75 ± 0.19, respectively. Conclusions: The results show that a cross-country skier’s “metabolic profile” and performance capability are highly sub-technique specific and that 4-min TT performance is differentiated by physiological factors, such as V ˙ O2peak, anaerobic capacity, and GE. 

  • 45.
    Andersson, Erik P.
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (HOV). UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
    Stöggl, Thomas L.
    Bachl, Phillipp
    Osborne, John O.
    The effect of exercise hyperpnea on gross efficiency and anaerobic capacity estimates during a 3-min cycle time trial2023In: Journal of applied physiology, ISSN 8750-7587, E-ISSN 1522-1601, Vol. 134, no 2, p. 253-263Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study aimed to analyze the effect of exercise-induced hyperpnea on gross efficiency (GE) and anaerobic capacity estimates during a self-paced 3-min supramaximal cycle time trial (TT). Fourteen highly trained male cyclists performed 7 × 4-min submaximal stages, a 6-min passive rest, a 3-min TT, a 5-min passive rest, and a 6-min submaximal stage. Three models were based on the 7 × 4-min linear regression extrapolation method, using 1) the conventional model (7-YLIN); 2) the same 7-YLIN model but correcting for the additional ventilatory cost (i.e., hyperpnea) (7-YLIN-V-cor); and 3) accounting for linearly declining GE during the TT (7-YLIN-D). The other three models were based on GE from the last submaximal stage, using the conventional model (GELAST) and the same modifications as described for 7+YLIN, i.e., 1) GELAST, 2) GELAST-V-cor, and 3) GELAST-D. The GELAST model generated 18% higher values of anaerobic capacity than the 7-YLIN model (P < 0.05). During the TT, the hyperpnea-corrected model (i.e., 7-YLIN-V-cor or GELAST-V-cor) generated, compared with the respective conventional model (i.e., 7-YLIN or GELAST), ∼0.7 percentage points lower GE and ∼11% higher anaerobic capacity (all, P < 0.05). The post-TT GE was 1.9 percentage points lower (P < 0.001) and the 7-YLIN-D or GELAST-D model generated, compared with the respective conventional model, a lower GE (∼1.0 percentage points) and ∼17% higher anaerobic capacity during the TT (all, P < 0.05). In conclusion, the correction for a declining GE due to hyperpnea during a supramaximal TT resulted in an increased required total metabolic rate and anaerobic energy expenditure compared with the conventional models.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates that GE declines during a 3-min supramaximal cycle TT, which is possibly related to the hyperpneic response during supramaximal exercise. The finding from this study also provides novel insight into how the increased ventilatory energy cost from exercise-induced hyperpnea contributes to decreased GE, increased required total metabolic rate, and increased anaerobic energy expenditure during supramaximal exercise. Therefore, conventional linear models for estimating anaerobic capacity are likely to generate underestimated values.

  • 46.
    Andersson, Erik
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Pellegrini, Barbara
    CeRiSM, Research Center for Sport, Mountain and Health, Rovereto, Italy.
    Sandbakk, Öyvind
    Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway .
    Stöggl, Thomas
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences. Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria .
    Holmberg, Hans-Christer
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences. Swedish Olympic Committee, Stockholm, Sweden.
    The effects of skiing velocity on mechanical aspects of diagonal cross-country skiing2014In: Sports Biomechanics, ISSN 1476-3141, E-ISSN 1752-6116, Vol. 13, no 3, p. 267-284Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Cycle and force characteristics were examined in 11 elite male cross-country skiers using the diagonal stride technique while skiing uphill (7.5 degrees) on snow at moderate (3.5 +/- 0.3m/s), high (4.5 +/- 0.4m/s), and maximal (5.6 +/- 0.6m/s) velocities. Video analysis (50Hz) was combined with plantar (leg) force (100Hz), pole force (1,500Hz), and photocell measurements. Both cycle rate and cycle length increased from moderate to high velocity, while cycle rate increased and cycle length decreased at maximal compared to high velocity. The kick time decreased 26% from moderate to maximal velocity, reaching 0.14s at maximal. The relative kick and gliding times were only altered at maximal velocity, where these were longer and shorter, respectively. The rate of force development increased with higher velocity. At maximal velocity, sprint-specialists were 14% faster than distance-specialists due to greater cycle rate, peak leg force, and rate of leg force development. In conclusion, large peak leg forces were applied rapidly across all velocities and the shorter relative gliding and longer relative kick phases at maximal velocity allow maintenance of kick duration for force generation. These results emphasise the importance of rapid leg force generation in diagonal skiing.

  • 47.
    Andersson, Erik
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Stöggl, Thomas
    University of Salzburg.
    Pellegrini, Barbara
    University of Verona.
    Sandbakk, Oyvind
    NTNU, Trondheim, Norge.
    Holmberg, Hans-Christer
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Biomechanical comparison of different uphill techniques in the classical style cross-country skiing2010In: Proceedings for the fifth international conference on Science and Skiing / [ed] Erich Mueller, Salzburg, Austria: Meyer & Meyer Sport, 2010, p. 46-Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 48.
    Andersson, Erik
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Supej, Matej
    University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenien.
    Holmberg, Hans-Christer
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Analysis of a sprint qualification round in cross-country skiing using a differential global navigation system2009In: Proceedings of the 14th Annual Congress of European College of Sports Science / [ed] Loland, S., Bø, K., Fasting, K., Hallén, J., Ommundsen, Y., Roberts, G., Tsolakidis, E., Oslo: Gamlebyen Grafiske AS , 2009Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 49.
    Andersson, Erik
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Supej, Matej
    Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
    Sandbakk, Oyvind
    Human Movement Science Programme, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
    Sperlich, Billy
    Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Germany .
    Stöggl, Thomas
    Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
    Holmberg, Hans-Christer
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Analysis of sprint cross-country skiing using a differential global navigation satellite system2010In: European Journal of Applied Physiology, ISSN 1439-6319, E-ISSN 1439-6327, Vol. 110, no 3, p. 585-595Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose was to examine skiing velocities, gear choice (G2-7) and cycle rates during a skating sprint time trial (STT) and their relationships to performance, as well as to examine relationships between aerobic power, body composition and maximal skiing velocity versus STT performance. Nine male elite cross-country skiers performed three tests on snow: (1) Maximum velocity test (Vmax) performed using G3 skating, (2) Vmax test performed using double poling (DP) technique and (3) a STT over 1,425 m. Additional measurements of VO2max during roller skiing and body composition using iDXA were made. Differential global navigation satellite system data were used for position and velocity and synchronized with video during STT. The STT encompassed a large velocity range (2.9-12.9 m s-1) and multiple transitions (21-34) between skiing gears. Skiing velocity in the uphill sections was related to gear selection between G2 and G3. STT performance was most strongly correlated to uphill time (r = 0.92, P < 0.05), the percentage use of G2 (r = -0.72, P < 0.05), and DP Vmax (r = -0.71, P < 0.05). The velocity decrease in the uphills from lap 1 to lap 2 was correlated with VO2max (r = -0.78, P < 0.05). Vmax in DP and G3 were related to percent of racing time using G3. In conclusion, the sprint skiing performance was mainly related to uphill performance, greater use of the G3 technique, and higher DP and G3 maximum velocities. Additionally, VO2max was related to the ability to maintain racing velocity in the uphills and lean body mass was related to starting velocity and DP maximal speed.

  • 50.
    Andersson, Erik
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Willis, Sarah J.
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Holmberg, Hans-Christer
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Ørtenblad, Niels
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
    Energy System Contributions And Determinants Of Performance In Classical Sprint Cross-Country Skiing2014In: Proceedings for the 19th ECCS in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2014Conference paper (Refereed)
1234567 1 - 50 of 1149
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