Mid Sweden University

The document describes examples of missions, visions and strategies based on the potentialpiloting models defined in report 3.2. It is based on status of interest amongst thestakeholders, and the information, figures and challenges which were discussed in the reportD 2.1 Stakeholder interests. The different service models will request different missionsdepending on the stakeholder in charge of the model. Also visions and strategies could bedifferent depending on the composition of services (core business) offered within each pilot aswell as the additional services offered by sub suppliers and the network connected to the pilot.In the report D2.1 Stakeholders interests, the following 5 different piloting models aresuggested:Type 1 Joint venture of industry, retailers and contractorsType 2 Joint venture of construction/renovation, industry and architect/engineering companiesType 3 Complementary businesses expand their business into renovationType 4 Joint venture of type house producer, bank and home owner associationType 5 Energy/building consultant, real estate agent and financing institutions, e.g. bankIn this report we have described mission, vision and market strategies for 4 existing orproposed models; The Project Manager by Bolig Enøk, from Norway (type 1), ENRA concept(type 2) and K-Rauta & Rautia (type 3) from Finland, and ProjectLavenergi (type 2) fromDenmark. Cleantech by Dong Energy (type 3) from Denmark is also addressed, but notdescribed in detail. As there is no concrete examples representing two of the models fromD2.1 (types 4 and 5), we have made a theoretical exercise in developing mission, vision andmarket strategies for type 5 model, while type 4 is not handled.It may be concluded that there are commercial actors in different parts of the value chainwhich see an opportunity in developing different approaches of “one stop shops” for energyefficient holistic renovations. The concepts are still in a development phase and differ inrespect to how they are organised (as supply side). We may say that the pilots in the differentcountries also find inspiration from each other through this research project. Due to thecomplexity of a holistic renovation project, it is a prerequisite with good partnerships even inthe development phase. In all identified models there is however one main actor taking thelead and ownership to the business model.Independent of the business model the responsible company needs to make some strategicchoices. The starting point is the SWOT analysis which sums up all major challenges for therespective business model. How the strategies should be developed is described in this report.Although the main target group for this report is companies seeing an interest in developingbusiness models for renovation, we found some important issues identified in the SWOTanalysis which the authorities may influence including lack of interest in the market (need ofmore public attention through holistic campaigns), fragmented solutions (stop subsidisingsingle measures without a holistic plan), serious vs unserious companies (need of certificationsystems to build credibility), cost focus leads to limited renovation (need of subventionschemes for holistic retrofitting including tax deduction measures) and finally lack incompetence within companies (need of support to training and collaboration acrosscompanies).

Pollution of the drinking water environment has long been thought to be a primary cause of diseases. According to environmental research, there is a global water quality crisis. From an environmental stand point, eutrophication or accumulation of nitrates in wastewater are expected to cause high ammonium, low pH and increased nitrate concentrations [Koren et al. 2000] which are a critical form of nitrogen that needs our attention. This study considers the case of eutrophication in south-west Iran. This region is located in the Khuzestan province and consists of two basins (Karun and Dez) which can be seen as susceptible to the effect of eutrophication. This paper analyses the environmental pollution impact, economic, and social approaches of two waste water treatment plants. The case study focuses on a waste water treatment plant operated by activated sludge in Iran and the reference study is technology combined Sharon-Anammox treatment in Netherlands. The environmental impact assessment of these Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTPs) has been analyzed by a Triple Bottom Line method. The hypothesis is to prove a general and specific outlook of the lowest environmental emissions, the lowest costs and creation of better welfare. The other method applied in this study is the barriers of transferring technology. The results show that the combined Sharon-Anammox method is able to significantly reduce the environmental impact based on the methods applied in this study.In this study, the generally considered barriers are problems of methods of transferring combined Sharon-Anammox technology to Iran and the possible obstacles that may be encountered in the transfer of technology to Iran. The result of this study is estimated with respect to an evaluation of political, environmental, economic, social, and technological capacity. The result is that most potential problems are political and economic in nature, which may be because these two issues are so closely related to each other. In this case, lack of management is a problem in the institution of policy, and could affect the economic situation. In fact each of the barriers could be overlapped and affect each other. Regarding all barriers and problems that are in the process of transferring technology, Iran as a developing country would be able to receive technologies.

Concentrations of Al3+ were calculated in soil solutions from concentrations of the monomeric ‘reactive Al’ species ([Al3+] + [Al(OH)2+] + [Al(OH)2+] + [AlF2+]) obtained using a recently reported flow injection analysis (FIA) chelating resin technique. Soil solution samples came from 7 sites encompassing a range of New Zealand soils (Brown, Gley, Pallic, Podzol, and Recent Soils) and vegetation types (pasture, shrub lands, and indigenous and exotic forest). Previously published data from a further 7 sites, obtained using a rapid (7 s) FIA technique, were transformed to give compatible results. The resultant data (n = 85) covered the pH range 2.7–7.6, and showed a single curvilinear relationship for log [Al3+] v. soil solution pH, regardless of vegetation or soil type. At pH >5.6, the data had a slope of –2.98 and fell between the amorphous Al(OH)3 and gibbsite solubility lines. At pH <5.0, the data had a slope of –0.46; further, the soil solutions were under-saturated with respect to both minerals. These results are interpreted as indicating control of Al solubility by Al(OH)3(s) (at pH >5.6) and soil organic matter (at pH <5.0), respectively. This interpretation is supported by data from a pH-dependent Al–fulvic acid binding curve, for which calculated values of [Al3+] follow the same curvilinear relationship determined from the soil solution samples.

Human urine is a   valuable resource which has good potential to be used as a fertilizer all   over the world. In the developing countries sanitation and food security are   both issues that need urgent attention.    A urine separation toilet can be constructed with minimal investment   in the Nicaraguan context, and the usage of the urine as a fertilizer can   help establish higher yields and is a good alternative to chemical   fertilizers. This field experiment is trying this in practice in the context   of rural Nicaragua, to determine the effect of urine on two plants on. For   this study, the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and the Chaya (Cnidoscolus   aconitifolius) was selected and the results confirm that urine has potential   as a fertilizer in the Nicaragua context. The common bean yield was twice as   large after urine fertilization and the Chaya reacted positively to urine   fertilization. For urine separation purposes, two different separators were   constructed on the site to showcase the benefits with separating the urine   from the faeces, creating lower latrine volume and better sanitation in the   outhouse. The risks associated with human urine are low if the urine is   separated securely to avoid crosscontamination from faeces. If a   safety-barrier system is adopted, the overall risks with using urine as a   fertilizer are negligible. The spreading potential of urine separation and   fertilization in rural Nicaragua is high, but more experiments and   demonstrations are needed to reach adopters of the technology.  

To collaborate cross-sectoral on a local or regional level has been identified as a possible solution toachieve a more effective way of reaching set climate targets. Therefore it´s of interest to conductfurther study in how these initiatives collaborate in their aim of reaching climate related targets.This thesis is a case study consisting that examine how cross-sectoral climate collaborations on alocal or regional level collaborate to reduce the emissions of territorial greenhouse gases.Furthermore, the study investigates what challenges and advantages the objects of study areexperiencing and also to identify what factors the initiatives are experience that creates a long-terminitiative and an attractive collaborate-organisation. The objects of study are Climate Council inJönköpings region, Climate2030 in Västra Götalands region and Uppsala Climate Protocoll, GothenburgClimate Partnership, Lund Climate Alliance and The Linköping Initiative.The collection of the empirically data was gathered via semi-structured interviews with either theprocess manager, administrator or executive manager in each initiative.The study shows that the public sector has the major responsibility in initiating, administrate andfinancing the initiatives. The study also shows that there is no established templated or collaboratemethodin local or regional climate-collaboration, which results in both similarities and differences inthe initiatives structural design.The study has found that focus-groups, the use of climate related challenges, climate agreementand to work in specific projects are all commonly used work procedures, but with differences betweeninitiatives.Furthermore, results show that participation, anchoring and experience- and knowledge-exchangeare key factors that the initiatives are experiencing in how to create an attractive and long-termcollaborate initiative. Moreover, it emerges that the initiatives are experiencing both benefits with aclimate collaborating because it helps members of the collaboration to go from words into action, andpartly challenges regarding how to prove its actual effect in reducing territorial greenhouse gasemissions.Finally, the study notes that the subject, local and regional climate-collaboration is relativelyunexplored and that it needs further research for example in what function a climate collaboration hasand what effect the initiatives creates.

This report is a thesis project conducted in connection with Mid university course MÖ035. The work involved conducting an LCA (Life Cycle Assessment). This study aims to develop an environmental assessment of a lock washer using the LCA method to provide concrete and useful information to the product team to reduce the environmental impact of the products. Collaboration with Nord-Lock focuses on reviewing current LCA practices and introducing a systematic approach to contribute to the company's sustainability goals and decision-making in the product development process. Industrialism has caused several harmful effects on nature. It has resulted in the release of pollutants and toxic substances into the air, water, and soil, damaging ecosystems and threatening animal andplant life. Additionally, it has contributed to deforestation, destruction of natural habitats, and overexploitation of natural resources such as water and minerals. The industry has also played a role inclimate change through the emission of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO2), leading to global warming and affecting the climate worldwide.The LCA work has been limited from cradle to gate, which means that the focus is on calculating the environmental impact, namely CO2 emissions, from raw material production, transportation of raw materials to the manufacturing company Nord-Lock, manufacturing of the lock washer at the company, and when the product leaves Nord-Lock. Additionally, CO2 emissions from the transportation of the lock washer to the largest distributors, such as Germany, the USA, Japan, China, and the UK, have been accounted for. The results have then been compiled and analyzed to enable thecreation of an action plan. LCA-report proposes several improvement measures to reduce the environmental impact of the lockwasher. The results indicate that the greatest environmental impact occurs in raw material production, particularly in the manufacture of steel from iron ore. To reduce this impact, it is recommended to usemore recycled steel, as recycled steel does not require any reduction process, which can reduce CO2emissions by 80%. This means that the total emissions from the lock washer, which were 424 tonnesin 2023, can be reduced by 53%, equivalent to 226.3 tonnes of CO2. When it comes to the transportation of the lock washer to the largest distributors, it is suggested that Nord-Lock considers replacing air freight with sea freight, which generally results in significantly lower greenhouse gasemissions. By taking such measures, the environmental impact of the lock washer's life cycle can beeffectively reduced, thereby promoting sustainability in the production process. The LCA report and calculations form a starting point for Nord-Lock to deepen its work with LCA calculations for otherlock washer products. By taking such measures, the environmental impact of the lock washer's lifecycle can be effectively reduced, thereby promoting sustainability in the production process. The LCA report and calculations provide a starting point for Nord-Lock to deepen the work with LCA calculations for other lock washer products.

Using the case study of a six-floor residential building with 4254 m2 living area and its supply chains, service life and disposal in the Swedish context, a conventional life cycle assessment focused on Global Warming Potential was carried out. The assessment is incomplete because sections B1-B5 were not taken into consideration. A Time Adjusted Warming Potential was also calculated from the conventional results to address the dynamics in the long service life of wooden and concrete buildings. The results are 358 kg CO2 eq/m2 and 175 kg CO2 eq/m2 for concrete and wood, respectively. Of the alternatives analyzed, both using slag concrete and combining the materials in hybrid buildings were shown to have significant reduction potential. The dynamic analysis did not change the overarching results because they strengthened the existing differences. Temporal recalculations were responsible for substantial difference, between 11% (full life cycle for concrete building) and 55% (post-use carbonation) in the categories which apply. This thesis therefore argues for these dynamic issues to be further addressed in the field of LCA methodology. Taking time of emission into consideration leads significant difference in the results particularly in products which have longer life cycles such as the construction industry. These should be addressed in a systematic way.

Spillage of diesel oil and other petroleum products is a commonly creating need for siteremediation of contaminated soils. In Sweden the most common remediation action isexcavation of the contaminated soil and off site biological treatment by composting.However, a number of small sites spread out in rural areas end up low on priority lists, andwill not be attended to within foreseeable future if ever. For such areas a low cost, easy toapply remediation techniques would be of interest. Enhanced bioremediation of dieselcontaminants in soil by whey addition has been demonstrated in lab scale. Whey is a byproductfrom cheese production. A first pilot remediation trial on an actual site in Gäddede,County of Jämtland, was started the summer of 2010. Using this site as a case study ascreening life cycle assessment model has been set up. The goal of the study was toinvestigate the environmental performance of the whey method, to benchmark the wheymethod toward the excavation and composting practice and to identify environmental hotspots in the whey treatment life cycle. The study aims at establishing if further work shouldbe put into developing the method, or if the environmental performance is such that the wheymethod should be abandoned. It should be noted that even with a slightly worseenvironmental performance compared to other remediation alternatives whey treatment couldstill be of interest, since the small scale sites in rural areas we talk about here otherwise mostoften would not be attended to.Results from the screening life cycle assessment indicate a rather good environmentalperformance of the whey method, partly depending on impact category considered. For thewhey method, impacts from farming activities in the milk production chain allocated to thewhey give significant contributions. Transportation gives important impacts from both thewhey method and the excavation and off site composting, thus logistics should always beconsidered and optimized. The whey on-site treatment could be an interesting alternative forbioremediation especially at sites that would not otherwise be treated, due to small size orremote location.

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the environmental impact and technical performance of wool mix fabrics, to inform decisions regarding fabric production and market introduction, considering both environmental impacts and performance. The study includes a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) that evaluates production, highlighting the contribution to CO2 emissions, water consumption and resource use. The durability of the fabrics is also assessed through seven tests which are: water resistance, tensile strength, abrasion resistance, pilling, drying rate, water vapour perme ability and specimen breakdown. The findings emphasize the importance of wool yarn production and transportationas the main environmental burden throughout the system while elastane yarn and the transportation of wool tops impact the lowest. Fabric made of virgin fibre has higher technical performance than ones with recycled fibres except for water vapour perme ability and specimen breakdown.

There are many definitions and thoughts around the idea of sustainability but a main theme for most of the modern and accepted approaches is the idea that the nature provides the frame for mankinds social and economic development. Still it is not clear how a sustainable life within this frame should be lived practically. The aim of this study is therefore to contribute to the understanding of how sustainable lifestyles should be promoted. To do that, this report searches for buildingblocks to create sustainable villages.

The study has focused its work around a case study on the organisation Permakultur Stjärnsund, an organisation that has gotten attention for their alternative lifestyle. The case study was carried out with the help of four interviews from members of the organisation. To support the case study, earlier studies of sustainable villages was used. In addition, a framework of approaches to the concept sustainability was added.

The conclusion of this study is that sustainable villages value a life closer to nature and social community higher than consuming goods and the ownership of things. Anti-consuming thoughts is the antipole to what people in the villages want to achieve. This is supported in part, even if it is in a less direct way, by the selected approaches to sustainability. They suggest a thoughtful usage of natural resources. The social community is the most important part of village life. Without a strong community and reciprocity the life within natures framework cannot even begin. This priority is in contrary to what the approaches suggest, where nature provides the base for the social. Both on village level and among the approaches there is an evident rule implying that the ecosystem provides the frame for our living-conditions. This is the most apparent similarity between the two groups. Mostly, though, there are not that many clear similarities. There is a form of dissidence between the approaches and the villages. There is simply a lack of understanding. There is a need for better communication between the practical and the governmental way of doing things.

Iraq is considered as the second largest oil producer in organization of petroleum exporting countries (OPEC) with oil production average of 3.2 MMbbl/day. Iraq has very ambitious plans to increase oil production in the coming few years, which means rapid increase of the associated petroleum gas (APG) which has dissolve form in crude oil and consider as a common by-product with crude oil extraction.

This study aims to give more understanding about APG management in the south of Iraq and highlight the most important reasons standing behind utilize failure of a huge amount of APG instead of flare it and what the consequences of flare option in the environmental, economic and political perspectives.

Natural gas featuring as a cleanest fossil fuel with less emission comparing with other types of fossil fuels. In addition, natural gas is considered as an important source for thermal, electrical and mechanical energy and can be used in very wide branches such as transport, industry, electricity and in the housing sector. Furthermore, it is considered as a raw material for petrochemical, fertilizer industries and for the productions of pesticides.

In this study, APG flaring from economic and environmental perspectives were studied. This study has produced three different scenarios for the future gas production. Three different scenarios were studied (business as usual (BAU), new processing facilities (NPF) and gas to grid (GTG)). BAU scenario depends on rehabilitate the entire infrastructures which are old, unsufficient and it is platform capacity is very small to capture and process a huge amount of APG which expected to be produced in the coming years. NPF means build new capturing and processing facilities to treat the total expected amount of APG and the GTG scenario depend on the same assumptions of the second scenario but, all the produced dry gas will destined to the power plant to produce electricity.

Most promising results (economic and environment results) gained by adapting GTG scenario. These results, however, might explain and justify the economic investment that should be used in the Iraqi gas industry will give more revenue, improve Iraqis people life conditions and reduce the global environmental degradation.

As a result of that the imported gas, electricity and natural gas liquids (NGL) will be stopped after three to five years. So it is recommended that the produced dry gas should utilize in the power plant as a feedstock instead of crude oil and diesel and after the increasing of provide dry gas can Iraq stop import gas and electricity as well.

More involved by adopting gas to grid scenario because the produced dry gas used as feedstock in the power generations to cover the domestic and industry demand for electricity. More investment needs to apply this scenario but also more benefit will be gain due to replacing oil and diesel which are currently used in the power plants by using natural gas.

Iraq has to take rapid steps toward changing all the existing fuel fire generators to cover the shortage of electricity supply and guaranteed the domestic and the industrial sectors of stable providing of electricity. Iraq is facing a real problem at the moment because of the burning of Iraqi gas, which causes to accumulate of 20 million tons per year of carbon dioxide emissions, the equivalent of three million tailpipe emissions car.

Accompanied with the increasing in crude oil production during the past few years an increase in the production of APG, which means an increase in the quantities of burned gas and that needs to evolution of energy installations of gas collection and treatment in the same period. In addition, increase the quantities of liquid petroleum gas and light naphtha for domestic demand, will be an urgent need for the establishment of appropriate facilities for the storage and export in the south harbors to export the surplus for the local need.

The implementation of these scenarios beginning in 2015 requires speeding up the construction of the assembly plants, pressure, treatment and the related infrastructures at the level of the oil fields production. The construction of the necessary pipelines infrastructure needs to connect the centers of demand treatment plants, power plants and the oil wells. It is also required to raise the capacity of the gas filling facilities near centers of domestic consumption.

Preparation of technical plans for the gas system, gas industries, electricity generation and all the investment possibilities will be very important and it should be ready by 2015 to exploit the total gas production in Iraq and its treatment, so that it becomes available to transfer it to the local and international markets. At that point, gas flaring may reach to the lowest level, and then will meet all the requirements of the local gas demand, local electricity demand and contributing with international efforts to protect the global environment.

Ett varmare och i vissa regioner torrare klimat ökar risken för omfattande skogsbränder som hotar mänsklig säkerhet. Men extrema väderhändelser leder inte nödvändigtvis till att klimatförändringarna får ökad uppmärksamhet. Vad som sätts i fokus avgörs istället av hur händelsen ramas in. Studier av de omfattande skogsbränderna i Sverige 2014 och 2018 visar att orsakerna gärna definieras inom ramen för vad man lokalt kan påverka. 

To reach the goal set by the Paris agreement it’s not enough to reduce greenhouse gas emission but to also capture and store it. One way to do that is to increase the ability for plants and soils to store carbon, where biochar can play an important role. Biochar is produced by pyrolysis, when organic matter is heated without access to oxygen.

This study has looked at the conditions to build a production facility for biochar in the municipality of Östersund. To see what materials that can be made available to produce biochar from, data has been collected from the waste disposal facility of Gräfsåsen. Other projects have been studied to produce an economic overview and appropriate locations for the facility have been compared. The result from the study provided ten different materials, where three of them passed the criteria’s that were set (garden waste, sludge and organic waste from households). The economic overview showed that the economic feasibility of a project in Östersund differ due to an undeveloped market for biochar and what level of government support the project can get. Three different locations for the facility was compared by three factors.

The discussion illuminates the importance to consider the materials content of hazardous components, like plastics in organic waste and heavy metals in sludge, when choosing the best material to produce biochar from. It’s also important to see the whole, where a production of biochar can interact together with the rest of the waste disposal, energy- and fuel system, to create a circular system where resources and nutrients are used in a sustainable way. To identify these connections further studies are required. 

The conclusion shows that garden waste is the most appropriate material to produce biochar from. Furthermore, many different factors affect the economic feasibility for an establishment of a production facility. To propose one suitable location, for a production facility, a more in-depth analysis need to be made

Due to the availability of X-ray imaging detectors, full-field X-ray fluorescence (FF-XRF) imaging technique has become achievable, which provides an alternative to scanning X-ray fluorescence imaging with a micro-focus X-ray beamline. In this paper, we present a setup based on straight capillary optics and an energy-dispersive hybrid pixel detector, which can perform simultaneous mapping of several chemical elements. The photon transmission efficiency and spatial resolution are compared between two X-ray collimation setups: one using pinhole optics and one using straight polycapillary optics. There is a tradeoff between the spatial resolution and transmission efficiency when considering X-ray optics. When optimizing the spatial resolution, using straight capillary optics achieved a higher intensity gain when comparing with the pinhole setup. Characterization of the polycapillary imaging setup is performed through analyzing various samples in order to investigate the spatial frequency response and the energy sensitivity. This developed setup is capable of FF-XRF imaging in characteristic energies below 20 keV, while for higher energies the spatial resolution is affected by photon transmission through the collimator. This work shows the potential of the FF-XRF instrument in the monitoring of toxic metal distributions in environmental mapping measurements.

A large amount of contaminated cellulose and wood fibers were emitted directly onto the seabed by the pulp and paper industry before the year of 1970. This fiber-rich sediment contains concentrations of hazardous substances that cause environmental problems. Mercury (Hg) in the fiber sediment is a worldwide threat because it can bioaccumulate in the aquatic ecosystem and eventually affect human health. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis is anelemental analysis method for earth materials, which is rapid and requires minimal sample preparation. However, for in-situ XRF analyses, constraints in the measurement conditions will strongly affect the measurement sensitivity and accuracy, such as the scattered background and the water content surrounding the sample. In this work, we showed that applying an X-ray beam filter foil, optimized by using the material absorption edge, can improve the sensitivity of the XRF spectrometer system for Hg determination. Furthermore, the influence of water content in XRF measurement for Hg contamination analysis was investigated. The attenuation coefficient in water was determined by simulation of water layer with varying thickness using a Monte Carlo simulation code. The measured intensity for Hg was decreased exponentially asthe water thickness increase, as expected. We propose a method to correct the attenuation in water with XRF analysis and we expect that these findings can contribute to an accurate in-situ Hg detection experiment.

Air-sea gas transfer velocity for O2 is calculated using directly measured fluxes with the eddy covariance technique. It is a direct method and is frequently used to determine fluxes of heat, humidity, and CO2, but has not previously been used to estimate transfer velocities for O2, using atmospheric eddy covariance data. The measured O2 fluxes are upward directed, in agreement with the measured air-sea gradient of the O-2 concentration, and opposite to the direction of the simultaneously measured CO2 fluxes. The transfer velocities estimated from measurements are compared with prominent wind speed parameterizations of the transfer velocity for CO2 and O2, previously established from various measurement techniques. Our result indicates stronger wind speed dependence for the transfer velocity of O2 compared to CO2 starting at intermediate wind speeds. This stronger wind speed dependence appears to coincide with the onset of whitecap formation in the flux footprint and the strong curvature of a cubic wind -dependent function for the transfer velocity provides the best fit to the data. Additional data using the measured O2 flux and an indirect method (based on the Photosynthetic Quotient) to estimate oxygen concentration in water, support the stronger wind dependence for the transfer velocity of O2 O-2 to CO2.

During the years 2010-13, atmospheric eddy covariance measurement of oxygen was performed at the marine site Ostergarnsholm in the Baltic Sea. The fast response optode Microx TX3 was used with two different types of tapered sensors. In spite of the increased lifetime, the optical isolated sensor is limited by the slower response time and is unsuitable for ground-based eddy covariance measurements. The sensor without optical isolation shows a -2/3 slope within the inertial subrange and attains sufficient response time and precision to be used in air-sea applications during continuous periods of 1-4 days. Spectral and cospectral analysis shows oxygen measured with the nonoptical isolated sensor to follow the same shape as for CO2 and water vapor when normalized. The sampling rate of the Microx TX3 is 2Hz; however, the sensor was found to have a limited response and resolution, yielding a flux loss in the frequency range f &gt; 0.3Hz. This can be corrected for by applying cospectral similarity simultaneously using measurements of latent heat as the reference signal. On average the magnitude of the cospectral correction added 20% to the uncorrected oxygen flux during neutral atmospheric stratification.

This thesis is a study on how Mutanda Eco-Community   Centre (MECC) in the south western part of Uganda can harness the solar   energy at their disposal using photovoltaic as compared to the using of   conventional energies in producing the needed electricity at the centre and   the impacts on climate change. Since the centre is used in education on   climate change mitigation and adaptation measures, it is expected that   anything the centre does or uses with regards to energy ought to come from   renewable sources such as wind, solar, thermal and biomass. Electricity has   been a great challenge because there is no access to the national electricity   grid. Since there is much abundance of solar irradiation in the entire   country, solar poses as a potential sustainable energy since it is a   renewable energy and has the greatest environmental benefits. The objective   is in two categories: to determine how feasible the photovoltaic technology   is in Kisoro and its application at MECC and to analyse the effects on   climate change with comparison with non-renewable sources of energy. To   determine the above, both qualitative and quantitative methods were used.   Results from the studies through the use of simulation method (PVGIS-5)   indicate that Kisoro, where the centre is located, has solar irradiation to   harness due to Uganda´s geographical location on the equator. Findings   revealed there are feasible governmental and private policies, market for PVs   systems, enough players in the Sector and the willingness of the people to   adopt and use solar energy, and its markets economic studies do reveal to be   the indicators for the feasibility of the technology in Kisoro. Corrections   of a few bottlenecks will increase the adoption rate of the photovoltaic   systems. An investment of 85,000, 000 UGX will aid a financial benefit of   4,569.40 UGX per each kWh of electricity generated with 3.1years of Energy   Payback Time and will prevent environmental pollution when compared with   non-renewable energy. Climatic effects are minimal as compared to the other   sources of energy. This greenhouse gases emission comes during the production   of the PVs, modules and systems. The usage of solar technology possesses a   lot of advantages. It is an unlimited source of energy; its maximum usage   reduces carbon dioxide emissions. International conflicts of ownership of   source of conventional energies are reduced and solar power creates energy   security and dependency.

The study investigates what the EU and Swedish legislation indicate about pollution, how the polluter-pays principle is used, and how the legislation has been applied in two Swedish municipalities. The purpose of the study was to identify if the legislation is a support or a barrier regarding accountability and financing of remediation of old pollution areas, and how polluted areas are handled in practice.The case study investigation was done through a literature study in combination with 7 respondent interviews with representatives from two County Administrative Boards, two municipalities, one consulting company, one private company and one university researcher. The results show that the most explanatory factors of why old pollution still remains are the ambition and will of all actors in the society regarding priority lists and procrastination, and inertia between different actors in society. Other explanatory factors are demarcation difficulties when assessing liability, lack of competence in assessments of liability and justified extent, lack of investigation resources, and lack of money. Improvement options were found in the Swedish application model and in the cooperation model between the actors in society. This demonstrates that the explanations found for why old pollution still remains are attributed less to legislation and more to other factors.

This study has contributed to the developing concepts of circular economy by assessing circular business models and to test different approaches for circularity in a measurable way. In our current era of time, we stand against environment challenges with a warming planet and resources scarcity. To mitigate the effect of greenhouse gasemissions and to find new more circular solutions to material demand. The developing concept of circular economy is aligned with these goals. In this study the climate impact and profitability of circular business models are investigated using material flow analysis. The result is an assessment of these parameters from a sustainability perspective for product organizations and show that longer lifetime and use period a product has the lower the yearly global warming potential. For profitability the assessment is dependent on more parameters such ascurrent business models, gross margin, raw material, logistics and distribution cost an increased profit is not as strongly connected to lifetime or use. When an increasedcircularity can be accomplished as a complement to current business (withoutsignificant cost increase) there is a possible profit.The study suggests an analysis model for investigate circular strategies in theAssessment model for circular business models. The study contributed to the practical adaptation of circular economy principles providing a suggested analysis framework .By applying circular economy principles and this assessment model it is possible to contribute to a more sustainable future for the system of planet Earth.

In recent years, the treatment of phosphorus in Nyland's water treatment plant (located in Åre municipality) has been substandard. The problem has persisted despite attempts to lower the concentration to meet the emission requirements. A desire to find alternative, more environmentally friendly treatment methods has therefore been expressed from the municipality.Aside from the requirements, there is a desire to keep nutrient levels in the recipient (Indalsälven) low to preserve its natural state. A recognized method for treating wastewater is the use of constructed wetlands, where the characteristics of a natural wetland are enhanced and taken advantage of.The assessment of which type of constructed wetland that would be most beneficial to apply, was done by rating and weighting a number of characteristics of importance for lowering the phosphorus concentration. A first-order area-based model was used to estimate the size of the wetland.This report found that there is a suitable site to build a free water surface wetland in the vicinity of the water treatment plant. The wetland would act as a polishing step in the treatment train. As there is an element of uncertainty in treatment performance when a living ecosystem as wetlandis used, it is advised to enlarge this study and include more design aspects to refine the layout and configuration. 

The climate is changing in same pace with the burning of fossil fuels and the loss of natural ecosystems. A large part of the human impact on climate and ecosystems originates from consumption. Production, consumption and waste management of textiles give rise to both environmental impact and carbon dioxide emissions throughout its life cycle. To reach the goals of the Paris Agreement, it is not enough to stop emitting carbon dioxide, we also need to capture and store it. The IPCC lists biochar as a potential carbon sink. Biochar is produced through thermochemical processes that convert biomass into coal, which can store carbon dioxide in the ground for a longer period. The biochar also has the potential to improve the soil's fertility, reduce toxins in the soil, and increase biodiversity. To identify the basis and suitability of converting textile waste into biochar, flows of textile waste, its fiber content and degree of conversion to mass yield, as well as possible carbon storage potential have been investigated.This has been put in relation to the benefit for a municipal waste company. The result shows that the proportion of biochar mass varies with the thermochemical process used such as temperature, which in turn affects the carbon storage potential. Biochar from available textile waste in Sweden, containing pure cotton of 40 305 tons, has the possibility of storing 51 389 tons of CO2e. The biochar can be used in agriculture, tree planting, consumer materials, water filtration and soil remediation. Producing sustainable biochar from textile waste can be part of the circular economy and reduce the environmental impact the waste causes. However, the emission that textile consumption gives rise to is a far higher amountthan the climate benefit biochar can contribute to.

River, lakes and   streams account for more carbon dioxide emissions than all other freshwater   reservoirs together. However, there is still lack of knowledge of the   physical processes that control the efficiency of the air-water exchange of   CO₂ in these aquatic systems. In the more turbulent water sections   of a river, the gas transfer is thought to be governed by the river’s   morphology such as bottom topography, slope and stream flow. Whiles for wider   sections of the river, the gas transfer could potentially be influenced by   atmospheric forcing (e.g. Wind speed). The main purpose of this project is to   study the fluxes of carbon dioxide and how (wind speed and stream discharge)   influence the CO₂ fluxes in the river. In this study, direct and   continuous measurements of CO₂ emission was conducted for the   first time in a controlled boreal river in Kattstrupeforsen (Sweden) from   18th April to 10th May 2018. A unique measurement setup which combines eddy   covariance techniques, general meteorology and in situ water variables (for   high accuracy emission measurements) was used. The results show that   in the late winter, an   upward directed CO₂ fluxes measured in the river was approximately   2.2 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹. This value agrees with many other small and   large rivers where CO₂ fluxes has been studied. The river can be   said to serve as source of CO₂ to the atmosphere in the day due to   the dominant upward fluxes recorded during the daytime. The results also show   that carbon dioxide fluxes increase with increasing wind speed notably at   wind speed above 2 m s^-1. There   was no relation between CO₂ fluxes and stream discharge. This   indicates that wind speed could be one principal factor for air- river gas   exchange. The findings in this work on river gas exchange will provide   a basis for a regional estimate and be applicable for many river systems on a   global scale.

How much fossil energy that is used in the production of biomaterials or biofuels (e.g. fuel used in harvesting) is a parameter of obvious interest when optimizing the production systems. To use more fossil fuels in the production of a biofuel than what will be available as the biofuel product is obviously a bad idea. With increasing interest in biomaterials and biofuels, a shift from a sole focus on fossil energy will be necessary. Optimized use of energy over the whole life cycle is one important parameter to ensure sustainability. However, to report and interpret values on life cycle energy use is not as straight forward as what might immediately be perceived. The impact category ‘energy use’ is frequently used but is generally not applied in a transparent and consistent way between different studies. Considering the increased focus on biofuels, it is important to inform companies and policy-makers about the energy use of biofuels in relevant and transparent ways with well-defined indicators. The present situation in how energy use indicators are applied was studied in a set of LCA studies of biofuels. It was found that the choice of indicator was seldom motivated or discussed in the examined reports and articles, and five inherently different energy use indicators were observed: (1) fossil energy, (2) secondary energy, (3) cumulative energy demand (primary energy), (4) net energy balance, and (5) total extracted energy. As a test, we applied these five energy use indicators to the same cradle-to-gate production system and they give considerably different output numbers of energy use. This in itself is not unexpected, but indicates the importance of clearly identifying, describing and motivating the choice of energy use indicator. Direct comparisons between different energy use results could lead to misinformed policy decisions.

Public procurement makes up just under a fifth of Sweden's BMP, which gives procurement a large influencing factor. Swedish authorities advocate that procurement carried out by public authorities, regions and municipalities should contain requirements that deal with environmental, social, and economic sustainability. Public procurement is thereforconsidered an important tool that promotes sustainable development.Research reports and various national authority reports all point to the fact that public procurement has the potential to become more sustainable than it is today and some of the biggest identified obstacles are a lack of knowledge in the aspects of sustainability and a lack of structured work within organizations.To identify the potential public procurement has in the work towards a sustainable society and to contribute to the global sustainability goals in Agenda 2030, this study has reviewed procurement documents within the municipality of Boden, conducted workshops on the theme of sustainable procurement and made qualified assessments of the current situation, and potential for sustainable procurement in the municipality using the tool HållbarhetssolenTM. The purpose of the review and assessments was to see how the municipality works with environmental and social sustainability and to determine what potential the municipality has for improvement in these areas.The result shows that the procurement process can be seen as an essential part of sustainability work at both local and national level. By promotingsustainability requirements and innovation forward in public procurement, organizations and authorities contribute to environmental, social, and economic sustainable development and goal fulfilment of Agenda 2030

Carbon dioxide emissions together with other greenhouse gases emitted byanthropogenic activities have caused an increased global average surface temperatureabove pre-industrial levels. The society is therefore facing a challenge to limit theenvironmental and societal risks associated to a global warming below 2 ° C, with theambition of 1.5 ° C. The global carbon budget determines the total amount ofanthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions that are allowed to likely limit a globalwarming of 2 ° C. By breaking down the global carbon budget at a local level,highlights this study hypothetical ways for the municipality of Tranemo to become afossil free municipality by using scenario techniques according to the principal of“grandfathering”. The study therefor maps out historical territorial and consumptionbasedcarbon dioxide emissions that are caused within the municipality’sgeographical area, and within the municipality’s administrative organization, in orderto further identify and propose climate actions.The study points out that emissions caused by the industrial sector, transportationsector, and international flights generate the greatest impact in the geographical areaof Tranemo. The desirable scenario, Best case scenario, accounts 602 KT CO2 betweenyear 2021-2045 where an emission reduction action from one of the municipality’slargest industries is crucial to stay within the budget. The study illustrates that thebudget will be spent by the year 2027 if the society continues to produce and consumein the same pace as previous years.

The industrial sector is a dominant polluter at a national and global level. The studyconfirms that industrial sector is also a dominant emission source at a local level forthe geographical area of Tranemo. Climate actions within the industrial sector aretherefore crucial. The identified consumption-based climate actions are consequentlynegligible in contrast to emissions caused by the industrial sector. The studyconcludes that the carbon budget as a political document is regarded as an effectivetool if the municipality has a greater leverage and resourcefulness of the overallgenerated emissions. Cooperation between public and private actors is considered tobe a factor for success. The study clarifies the importance of strategic developmentwork, and influencing factors connected to it when it comes to transforming oursociety towards a sustainable development.

This study was carried out with the aim of finding out the challenges towards Feed-in Tariff law instrument in order to promote renewable energy in Iran. The targets of the study were chosen among authorities and investors in the field of wind energy. Wind power was selected as the case study because of its more popularity among investors. Qualitative research design was used to conduct the study and semi-structured interviews served as the method. Although there were a few studies done with the focus on renewable energy challenges in Iran, however, none of them focused on the challenges through Feed-in Tariff law. The results show that the law's long administrative process, lack of communication between authorities and investors, and rather low remuneration rate are the barriers to promote renewable energy in Iran. Furthermore, lack of financial assistance and imposed political and economical sanctions against Iran play an important role in this regard.

A steep increase of small papillary thyroid cancers (sPTCs) has been observed globally. A major risk factor for developing PTC is ionizing radiation. The aim of this study is to investigate the spatial distribution of sPTC in Sweden and the extent to which prevalence is correlated to gamma radiation levels (Caesium-137 (Cs-137), Thorium-232 (Th-232), Uranium-238 (U-238) and Potassium-40 (K-40)) using multiple geospatial and geostatistical methods. The prevalence of metastatic sPTC was associated with significantly higher levels of Gamma radiation from Th-232, U-238 and K-40. The association is, however, inconsistent and the prevalence is higher in densely populated areas. The results clearly indicate that sPTC has causative factors that are neither evenly distributed among the population, nor geographically, calling for further studies with bigger cohorts. Environmental factors are believed to play a major role in the pathogenesis of the disease.

Per- och polyfluorerade alkylsubstanser (PFAS) är vidd spridd och har upptäckts i miljön i Sverige och Europa (Naturskyddsföreningen, 2023). På vissa ställen har det uppmätts höga halter i vattentäkter för dricksvatten till exempel nära brandövningsplatser. Många PFAS-ämnen har negativ påverkan på immunförsvaret och misstänks vara cancerframkallande. Livsmedelsverkets dricksvattenföreskrifter har gränsvärden för PFAS som ska tillämpas från 1 januari 2026. Många vattenverk där råvattnet innehåller PFAS kommer därför behöva införa ytterligare rening. År 2019 införde regeringen ett statligt stöd för bättre vattenhushållning och säkrad tillgång till dricksvatten, där upp till 50% av kostnaden kunde täckas av bidraget. Fler än 600 projekt genomfördes. Nio av projekten var relaterade till PFAS. PFAS är persistenta och bioackumulerande föreningar och delas ofta upp i tvågrupper, de med korta eller långa kolkedjor. Membrantekniker som nanofiltreringoch omvänd osmos, adsorptiva metoder som aktivt kol och jonbytefilter kan användas för att avlägsna PFAS från vatten. Ozonering och skumfraktionering är också metoder som skulle kunna användas. Effektiviteten hos flera av dessametoder varierar beroende på längden på PFAS kolkedjan. I ett av de 9 projekten relaterade till statsstödet och PFAS, har Växjö kommun installerat ett nytt reningssteg i Åryds vattenverk som består av två tryckfilter med aktivt kol för att minska förekomsten av PFAS i dricksvattnet. Mätningar av PFAS11 gjordes före och efter reningssteget, i tre brunnar och vid utgående renat dricksvatten från vattenverket. Effektiviteten av reningen var hög enligt de mätningar av PFAS11 som gjordes i projektet. Miljönyttan är hög med aktivt kolfilter eftersom det ger möjligheten att destruera PFAS-föroreningarna helt genom förbränning. Samhällsnyttan av renare och mer hälsosamt dricksvatten är hög, men det är en ekonomisk kostnad att lägga till reningssteg. Projektet som genomförts med stöd av statsbidraget gav samhällsnytta i form av renare dricksvatten och därmed minskat intag av PFAS för de människor som försörjs a vvattenverket och en tryggare och säkrare vattenförsörjning.

Nowadays humans struggle to supply and attain longer and more appropriate life time.

Introducing new technologies, which, speeded up by modernization and industrialization, is the

main subject in many branches of science to improve the human’s life; but this rate of innovation

is not always pleasurable. As seen in many cases, side effects of using new technology come up

as warning signs, and lead to huge environmental and humanitarian disaster with irreversible

impact. Moreover, most of these technologies might be applied in different kinds of warfare

where nations use high-Tech as tools to reach other’s resources and raise their economic

benefits. As in most wars that happened in the world, updated technologies have been applied to

overcome the combatant, which finally shows up as damages on the environment, economy,

civilians and soldiers. In this study we reviewed the reasons of shaping warfare and its

consequences in different aspects of environment, civilians, soldiers and economy. The questions

I followed to answer were: What are those main factors that induced by technology to form

different kinds of warfare? And, can technology be altered as a tool to make a war more

environmentally friendly? To answer these two main questions, we need to know reasons for

shaping warfare a) Economy, b) Ideological/religious, and c) Power/pride/love which raise many

theories such as Economic, Behavioural, Evolutionary, Demographic, Rational, and Political

science theory. In 1990 members of the committee of environmental issue discussed

development of technology in the future which should follow by consideration of global

environmental issue. Therefore, new technology should bring solution to environmental

problems. Nowadays technology creates some kind of competition, not only in combat, but also

in cold war. According to reviews of many studies, the harshness of war increases and the

aftermath becomes more severe on the environment and societies, consequently irreversible

rehabilitation in short and long term. Applied technologies in some warfare have been considered

by their impact on natural and human environment. As a case study I considered the recent war

in Libya and its consequences, not only in the country, but also its impact on other nations and

neighbours as well. Strict international laws is needed to explicit and declare the rights of each

individual and nation to prevent and ban any activities in the term of war crime. Also groups of

authentic authorities should set up to conduct an investigation into each activity in countries and

survey on introduced technologies to ensure them about their result and consequences. Finally

some reviews were released about how international committees and conventions, declarations

and agreement has been set to prevent and prohibit crime in wars, and some international laws

has been brought to guide nations about their rights and responsibility against each other.

It is widely known that the textile industry is a large polluter and that fast fashion in particular has sustainability issues. Meanwhile, second-hand stores struggle to sell their products in Europe, leading to most clothes either being exported and/or landfilled. This issue is partially driven by costumers not knowing what performance they can expect from second-hand products. In this study, the water repellency of used hardshell jackets will be evaluated with the goal of proving that second-hand products still have enough performance for reuse. This implies that prolonging the lifetime of waterproof jackets is possible, which will reduce CO2 emissions. Various standards are evaluated and a new method, dubbed the stream impact test is defined, trialed and compared to results from the ISO 4920 spray test. In order to estimate the full potential of reusing jackets, the effects of rejuvenating used jackets, by washing the mand using water repellent spray, are also tested. The current standards for aging fabric used by the industry to prove the durability of water repellency will be evaluated using both the ISO 4920 spray test and the new stream impact test. The testing concludes that while the new method has certain issues, it does achieve it’s core objectives and provides a new perspective on the water repellency of new, used and rejuvenated fabrics. It also shows that, on average, rejuvenating jackets has a good effect on the water repellency of jackets and that. During the testing of used jackets with the stream impact method, jackets are found with water repellent properties between those of new fabric and very old fabric. This suggests that there are jackets with a lot of technical performance left that are discarded, which would be ideal for reuse and allowing the clothing industry to become more sustainable.

Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have increased to earlier unrecorded levels, causing global climate change that increases GMT and threaten ecosystems and livelihoods. IPCC report suggest that agroforestry offers considerable carbon sequestration (c seq.) potential, especially for developing countries. The purpose of this study is to estimate the c seq. potential in different agroforestry systems suitable in Chinandega, Nicaragua - a deforested region where the ground is polluted by toxaphene and other POP:s. Three scenarios where studied; Shading system using Tectona grandis and Pogostemon cablin; Alley cropping using Erythrina poeppigiana and Ricinus communis and Silvopasture using Cordia alliodora and Brachiaria ruziziensis, the last scenario being divided into two subscenarios; unmanaged (grazed) and managed (harvested) grass. Calculations were performed using the modelling program CO2FIX v. 3.2, with a runtime of 100 years and assuming deforested area with no previous land use. Results show a significantly higher c seq. potential in Shading system (168/217 MgC/ha). Alley cropping yields 71 MgC/ha and Silvopasture results in 80/84 MgC/ha unmanaged and 65/70 MgC/ha managed. The higher number includes products from harvest. All scenarios show fluctuations over time due to thinning and harvesting practices. Phytoremediation potential of POPs has been shown in Ricinus communis and grass species. Soil c seq. is especially important to consider in longterm scenarios as this c seq. can be sustained over longer time. The inclusion of crop residue, the effect of grazing animals or changes in density of trees and crops and environmental fate of the toxic compounds need further assessment before considering large scale applications. Agroforestry practices could contribute to several benefits, including climate change mitigation and phytoremediation.

In GÀstrikland in central Sweden, deglaciation took place c. 11000cal. a BP. In the present study the shore displacement during the earliest ice-free period is investigated by the 14C dating of sediment from isolated lake basins. The shore displacement in GÀstrikland includes an initial phase (∌500 years) of rapid regression, followed by a slowing of the relative sea level (RSL) fall to a rate similar to that of the remaining Holocene c. 9250cal. a BP. The Ancylus Lake stage of the Baltic Sea belongs to the analysed interval. The RSL curve and glacial unloading history are used to separate and quantify elements of isostatic uplift. The postglacial uplift is ∌260m, of which ∌45m forms a rapid initial rise, which can be treated as qualitatively separate from the later, slower rise. There is considerable glacial unloading just prior to the deglaciation, but calculations suggest that only a small part of this relates directly to the rapid early Holocene rebound: most unloading is transferred either to uplift immediately prior to the deglaciation or to subsequent Holocene or future uplift. The isostatic rise in GÀstrikland occurring between the end of the Younger Dryas stadial and the deglaciation, c. 11500-11000cal. a BP, is estimated to be 100-110m. Observations and estimations are incompatible with a Weichselian maximum ice thickness much smaller that 3000m. The lack of glacial unloading during the Younger Dryas has a measurable impact on the Holocene isostatic rebound in GÀstrikland, reducing it by an estimated 20-25m. © 2011 The Boreas Collegium.

The shore displacement during the Holocene in southeastern Ångermanland, Sweden, has been investigated by means of radiocarbon-dating of isolation intervals in sediment cores from a total of nine new basins. Results from earlier investigations have been used in complement. There is a forced regression in the area from c. 9300 BP (c. 10 500 cal. yr BP) until c. 8000 BP (c. 9000 cal. yr BP), on average c. 8 m/100 years, after which there is a gradually slowing regression of c. 2.5-1.0 m/100 years up to the present time. The most rapid regression occurs during the later phase of the Ancylus Lake stage, 9500-9000 cal. yr BP. There is no evidence of halts in the regression. Crustal uplift in the area since deglaciation is c. 310 m. The deglaciation of southeastern Ångermanland took place c. 9300 BP (c. 10 500 cal. yr BP); this is c. 900 years earlier than the age given by clay varve dating. The shore displacement curve provides a means of estimating the difference between the clay varve time scale and calibrated radiocarbon dates, by comparison with varve-dated altitudes of alluvial deltas of the River Ångermanälven. From c. 2500 to c. 8000 cal. BP there is a deficit in clay varves of some 300 years; further back in time this discrepancy increases significantly. The main explanation for the discrepancy is most likely lacking varves in the time-span 8500-10 200 cal. yr BP, located along the upper reaches of River Ångermanälven below the highest shore level

This paper deals with the mid-Holocene shore level history and vegetation development in Gästrikland, east-central Sweden. This is investigated using sediment and microfossil records and ¹⁴C datings. The time span covered is c. 8000-5000 cal yr BP. Vegetation history during this time includes an increase in Tilia pollen 6500-6300 cal yr BP and a decrease in Ulmus and Corylus c. 5500 cal yr BP. The former change coincides with a sharp drop in relative sea level (RSL) of some 5 m; this RSL drop can be correlated to the regression from the L3 transgression of the Litorina Sea, identified in other areas around the Baltic Sea. The possible connections between RSL and climate (in particular changes on a maritime-continental continuum), as indicated by new pollen data and other records, are investigated. The new material shows, in comparison to other pollen records from southern and central Scandinavia, unusually high percentages of Tilia, Ulmus and Corylus pollen, but less Quercus. The change in pollen spectra around 5500 cal yr BP can be correlated to the northern European “elm decline”. A regional cooling is recorded in widespread data for this time, but observations suggest that other factors must be considered here, including disease and change in the physical landscape due to the ongoing land uplift.

The detailed clay varve chronology and an extensive knowledge of the highest postglacial shore level elevation (HS) in northern Sweden, along the Bothnian western coast, provides opportunities for determining the pattern of isostatic rise and centre of uplift from the early Holocene. The shore level of c. 10 100 cal yr bp (10 ka) for this area is determined by subtracting, from the metachronous HS elevations, the fall in relative sea level between local deglaciation time and the chosen reference time. The area of highest uplift since 10 ka is situated somewhat north of the location with the world-record HS (Skuleberget in Angermanland), but south of the area with most rapid current rise. Wave erosion marks in the studied area are seen to be more consistent indicators of HS than glaciofluvial delta levels. The gradients of shore marks at 10 ka are generally small within the investigation area. The regional 10 ka shore level pattern shows considerable irregularity compared to the current uplift. Central Sweden and western Finland show 10 ka gradients that indicate isostatic response to late (1310 ka bp) glacial unloading. Indications of a secondary uplift centre west of the present investigation area are reported in previous work; this also suggests rapid isostatic response to unloading. Finally, the possibility of identifying errors in the varve-dated deglaciation chronology via the 10 ka shore level pattern is illustrated.

The shore displacement in Gästrikland, east-central Sweden, has been investigated by means of AMS radiocarbon dating of sediment cores from isolated basins. Twenty dates from 11 sites are presented. Pollen and diatom analyses, and archive material from the Geological Survey of Sweden, have been used to identify isolation intervals in the cores and as chronological support to the 14C dates. An important pollen stratigraphical time-marker is a distinct mid-Holocene increase in Tilia. For the mid-Holocene, pollen stratigraphy is used rather than the 14C dates for the age determination. The deglaciation of Gästrikland, according to the new 14C dates, took place ca. 11 000 cal. yr BP (ca. 9500 14C yr BP). Through the Holocene the shore displacement is regressive. The regression was initially rapid (on average ca. 3.5 m per 100 yr 11 000-7500 cal. yr BP, probably much more rapid at the earliest stage), then slowed down considerably and was from ca. 5000 cal. yr BP (probably already from 7000 cal. yr BP) relatively constant, ca. 0.8-0.9 m per 100 yr. There are important differences between the shore level curve from Gästrikland and curves from other areas, indicating some irregularities in the regional glacio-isostatic rebound.

Deglaciation took place in eastern Jamtland and Angermanland in central Sweden c. 10 500 - 10 200 cal. yr BP. In the present study, vegetation development and shore displacement during the earliest ice-free period are investigated by C-14 dating of sediment from six isolated lake basins and by pollen analysis. A brief but distinct peak in Hippophae "occurs in all pollen diagrams coincident with basin isolation, followed by up to 500 years ( varying locally) by an Alnus rise. The Alnus curve does not display a synchronous rise in the area. Its expansion below the highest shore level is time-transgressive and controlled mainly by the timing of basin isolation. The relationship between regional Alnus expansion and changes in hydrology and climate is discussed. The pollen diagrams show Pinus predominance with Corylus to the east ( more coastal areas) and Betula predominance ( though less pronounced) to the west during the period 10 200 - 9000 cal. yr BP. However, comparisons between sites suggest marked variability in the forest development. Shore displacement in easternmost Jamtland c. 10 300 - 9000 cal. yr BP is equal to or slightly more rapid than that of SE Angermanland, contrary to the present pattern of isostatic recovery. A rapid shore level regression c. 10 300 - 10 000 cal. yr BP may be related to drainage of the Ancylus Lake.

Författaren har arbetat för att ta fram en metod att identifiera potentiella ovårdade tomter ochförfallna hus. Denna metod ska kunna användas av kommuner som ett kostnadseffektivt verktyg attöversiktligt kartlägga ovårdade tomter och förfallna hus. Åtgärder som kommuner kan genomföra föratt hantera ärenden gällande ovårdade tomter eller byggnader med nedsatt funktion är bristfälligasett från PBL (Plan- och bygglag (2010:900)), något som resulterar i långa handläggningstider ochproblem vid delgivning av beslut. Där ärenden gått till beslut och åtgärder genomförts påfastighetsägarens bekostnad löper kommunen stor risk att få betala avgifterna, då Kronofogden oftafår problem att driva in skulderna. I samarbete med Ragunda kommun tog författaren fram en metodsom baseras på databaser och kommunens GIS program för att lätt markera på kartan fastighetersom passar in på valda kriterier. Ragundas metod jämfördes därefter mot två andra metoder medliknande syfte, en framtagen av Falkenbergs kommun och en av initiativet Sollefteås Ödehus.Metoderna kontrollerades därefter genom en fältkontroll utförd med checklista och en serie kriterierför att bedöma tillförlitligheten i metodernas resultat. Checklistan för fältkontroll togs också fram iarbetet med hjälp av medarberare hos Ragunda Kommun. Eftersom Ragundas metod fokuserade påbostadsområden innanför detaljplan och VA-verksamhetsområde avgränsades de andra tvåmetoderna till detta för att kunna genomföra en konkret jämförelse, skillnader och likheter tas uppoch diskuteras med för och nackdelar både i analys genom en SWOT-analys och i diskussion. Ragundamed mer riktad användning av kriterier fick ett större antal missvisande träffar, där metoden gavutslag men kontroll i fält enligt checklista inte visade på ovårdat skick. Men i sin tur fångadeRagundas metod upp fler av de hus som enligt checklistan faktiskt var i ovårdat skick jämfört med deandra metoderna som jämfördes. Metoden som framtogs i samarbete med Ragunda kommun ansestjäna syftet att fånga upp och visuellt presentera potentiella ovårdade hus som finns inom dettillämpade området. Metoden måste dock anpassas om den ska användas utanförtillämpningsområdet bestämt av områdesbestämmande kriterier. Alternativt kan kommunentillämpa redan utvecklade metoder för större arealer, Falkenbergs metod som från start är utveckladför ett större område är ett bra alternativ. Gör man detta bör man dock beakta variationer mellankommunens område och Falkenberg för att få ett mer säkert resulat, där i se över användandet avkriterier. Falkenberg valde att inte använda kriteriet Fastighetsägare utanför kommun då mångajordbrukare ägde stora arealer, varpå hus kunde stå oanvända på dessa marker. Använde man detkriteriet riskerade man att missa dessa bostäder. Därmed bör kriterier som i Ragundas metodförkastats i.o.m användning innanför detaljplan och VA-verksamhetsområde ses över igen vidtillämpning utanför dessa.

I takt med att samhället behöver en allt större mängd förnybart producerad energi för att klara den tilltagande elektrifieringen blir det aktuellt att anlägga solkraftsparker på jordbruk- och skogsmark runtom i Sverige. Till Länsstyrelserna inkommer ärenden som rör anmälan om ändrad markanvändning för att uppföra solcellsanläggningar samt ansökningarom frivilligt tillstånd. Dessa ärenden blir allt fler och allt större i sin omfattning, sett till yta och installerad effekt. Samtidigt ska miljöbalkens bestämmelser tillämpas som bygger på bästa möjliga hushållning med resurser och markanvändning ska väljas, vilket riskerar att energiproduktion ställs mot livsmedelsproduktion eller andra naturvärden. Denna studie undersöker den miljörättsliga tillämpningen vid anmälan om ändrad markanvändning i syfte att uppföra solceller på åker- eller skogsmark genom att granska inkomna ärenden och beslut om förbud av verksamheter i län där många solcellsanläggningar på mark idag uppförts. Studiens resultat visar att flest verksamheter idag förbjuds på åkermark och att det tycks vara svårare att förbjuda verksamheter på skogsmark, men att myndigheten, i takt med att anläggningarna blir större, tenderar att besluta om förbud samt föreläggande om att ta fram bättre underlag i syfte att säkra att värdefull natur ej påtagligt skadas av verksamheten. Vidare indikerar denna studie att mer vägledning kan behöva utarbetas, från nationell nivå och gentemot verksamhetsutövare, gällande prövning kring solcellsparker samt intresseavvägning avseende skyddsvärd natur, skyddet mot klimatförändar och produktionen av förnybar energi.