Mid Sweden University

While targeting the energy-efficient connectivity of the Internet-of-things (IoT) devices in the sixth-generation (6G) networks, in this paper, we explore the integration of non-orthogonal multiple access-based backscatter communication (BAC-NOMA) and simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (STAR-RISs). To this end, first, for the performance evaluation of the STAR-RIS-assisted BAC-NOMA system, we derive the statistical distribution of the channels under Nakagami-m fading. Second, by leveraging the derived statistical channel distributions, we present the effective capacity analysis under the delay quality-of-service (QoS) constraint. In particular, we derive the closed-form expressions for the effective capacity of the reflecting and transmitting backscatter nodes (BSNs) under the energy-splitting protocol of STAR-RIS. To obtain more insight into the performance of the considered system, we provide the asymptotic analysis, and derive the upper bound on the effective capacity, which represents the ergodic capacity. Our simulation results validate the analytical analysis, and reveal the effectiveness of the STAR-RIS-assisted BAC-NOMA system over the conventional RIS (C-RIS)- and orthogonal multiple access (OMA)-based counterparts. Finally, to highlight the trade-off between the effective capacity and energy consumption, we analyze the link-layer energy efficiency. Overall, this paper provides useful guidelines for the performance analysis and design of the STAR-RIS-assisted BAC-NOMA systems.