Mid Sweden University

The breeding system and mating strategy of a species are at the heart of its behavioral ecology and part of determining its population dynamics. Thus, understanding breeding and mating behavior, and its flexibility, is important for accurate population modeling and successful conservation management. Here, we combine previous work with species-specific data and phylogenetic context to shine the spotlight on the breeding system of North Island (NI) brown kiwi, Apteryx mantelli, in a conservation context. The NI brown kiwi is of wide interest as a ratite, which are known for their variable breeding biology both within and between species, and its dire need of conservation management. With the aid of data from a long-term study in a rare, high-density population, we conclude that, although NI brown kiwi have several features characteristic of monogamous bird species (substantial investment in offspring by both parents, long-life expectancy, and well-developed sense of olfaction), it has as many that are consistent with potential for polygamy (uneven quality and distribution of resources, long and asynchronous breeding season, super-precocial chicks, and non-monogamous relatives). Consequently, we suggest that (1) the breeding system of NI brown kiwi is more flexible than has been widely recognized, and (2) further study of NI brown kiwi mating behavior would greatly benefit its conservation planning. Specifically, the prevalence of polygamy will directly affect genetic admixture, maintaining of genetic diversity, and distribution of parentage-all crucial factors influencing translocation success and genetic rescue. We argue that the NI brown kiwi study system could contribute to the increased incorporation of behavioral aspects in conservation management, and we provide suggestions for informative studies that would facilitate this.