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Språkets makt: en studie av vårdpersonals tal om psykiatriska patienter och brukare
Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Nursing Sciences.
2020 (Swedish)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The purpose of this dissertation was to critically examine, based on three selected psychiatric care environments, how healthcare staff talk about patients and users with a focus on how notions of gender are produced and reproduced during rounds and in reportings.

Reportings and rounds are daily activities in almost all healthcare practices. It takes place three to four times a day and is ideally aimed at creating continuity and alignment in the care. In psychiatric contexts, the reportings and rounds constitute important tools in assessing which approach and treatment are most appropriate. Studies on verbal reporting have mainly been carried out in somatic care and have been focused on the reportings’ content, type, cost and time required. Research also suggests that healthcare staff find it difficult to move away from a strictly medical perspective and that reporting and rounds take place in a ritualized way where the staff are socialized into what is valid information to pass on. The reportings can also serve as a way for healthcare staff to support each other in their work. The research also applies in psychiatric care contexts where different power structures also become apparent in the use of language. However, how psychiatric care staff talk about patients and users in reportings and on rounds based from a gender perspective has not been studied to any great extent.

The dissertation is based on four sub-studies, all with qualitative research design. The empirical material in all sub-studies consisted of sound recordings from rounds and reports in three different psychiatric care contexts; general psychiatry, forensic psychiatry and municipal psychiatry. In sub-study I and II, content analysis was employed and in sub-study III and IV, discourse analysis was employed. Sub-study I showed how the healthcare staff used everyday words and concepts in both reports as in the rounds. The words and concepts formed the basis for assessing the patient's behaviour and mental condition and decisions about nursing and treatment. Sub-study II showed that the language discourse of the healthcare staff reproduced a gender order in which the female patients were expected to behave according to feminine norms in order to be acceptable as women and, as patients. In sub-study III, the statements studied showed a family oriented caring practice and how power techniques in terms of discursive norms around masculinity contributed to the subordination of men cared for in. The results also revealed how the healthcare staff reproduced a heteronormativity gender order through the language used. In sub-study IV, the statements showed a discourse of care where various techniques of power such as intimacy and confession were used to persuade the users to behave according to feminine or masculine norms. The statements also showed a heteronormative and heterosexual order in which the paradox between the need for support and maintaining one's dignity was clarified.

The conclusion of the sub-studies together was that the reports and rounds was a scene for which everyday words and concepts were used to describe and assess patients and users. These everyday words and concepts reproduced power orders in which different disciplining power techniques were displayed. The language also reproduced a heteronormative gender order in which notions of femininity and masculinity participated in the assessments of patients and users´ mental states. Because the patients were not involved in the conversations about themselves, healthcare staff were given the possibility to describe and position the patients and users in ways that they themselves were not aware of. In order to create opportunities to break with stereotypical gender patterns as well as patterns of dominance and subordination in psychiatric nursing and care, students, as well as healthcare staff, should work with awareness and critical reflection on discursive norms and how language constructs the patient and user.

Abstract [sv]

Syftet med avhandlingen var att utifrån tre valda psykiatriska vårdmiljöer analysera hur vårdpersonal talar om patienter och brukare med fokus på hur föreställningar om genus produceras och reproduceras vid ronder och i rapporteringar.

Rapporteringar och ronder är dagligen förekommande verksamheter inom nästan alla vårdpraktiker. Den pågår tre till fyra gånger dagligen och syftar idealt till att skapa kontinuitet och tydlighet i vården. I psykiatriska kontexter utgör rapporteringarna och ronderna extra viktiga redskap i bedömning av vilken omvårdnad och behandling vården finner lämplig. Studier kring verbal rapportering har främst genomförts inom somatisk vård och har varit fokuserad på rapporteringens innehåll, typ, kostnad och tidsåtgång. Forskning visar också att omvårdnadsper-sonal har svårt att avlägsna sig från ett medicinskt perspektiv och att rapporteringar och ronder sker på ett ritualiserat sätt där vårdpersonal socialiseras in i vad som är giltig information att föra vidare. Rapporteringarna kan också tjäna som ett sätt för vårdpersonalen att stödja varandra i arbetet. Forskningen gäller också i psykiatriska vårdkontexter där också olika maktordningar visar sig tydliga i språket. Hur psykiatrisk vårdpersonal talar om patienter och brukare på rapporteringar och på ronder med utgångspunkt i ett genusperspektiv har dock inte studerats i någon större omfattning.

Avhandlingen bygger på fyra delstudier, samtliga med kvalitativ forskningsdesign. Det empiriska materialet i alla delstudier utgjordes av ljudinspelningar från ronder och rapporteringar i tre olika psykiatriska vårdkontexter; allmänpsykiatri, rättspsykiatri och kommunal psykiatri. I delstudie I och II användes innehållsanalys och i delstudie III och IV användes diskursanalys. Delstudie I visade hur vårdpersonalen använde sig av vardagliga ord och begrepp i såväl rapporteringar som på ronder. Orden och begreppen utgjorde grund för bedömning av patientens beteende och psykiska tillstånd och beslut kring omvårdnad och behandling. Delstudie II visade att vårdpersonalens tal reproducerade en genusordning där kvinnorna förväntades uppträda enligt feminina normer för att bli acceptabla som kvinnor och patienter. I delstudie III visade utsagorna på en familjeorienterad vårdpraktik och hur makttekniker i termer av diskursiva normer kring maskulinitet bidrog till en underordning av de vårdade männen. Resultatet visade också hur vårdpersonalen genom språket reproducerade heteronormativitet och sexualiserande av kvinnor. I delstudie IV visade utsagorna på en skötsamhetsdiskurs där olika makttekniker som intimitet och bekännelse användes för att förmå brukarna att uppträda enligt feminina och maskulina normer. Utsagorna visade också på en heteronormativ och heterosexuell ordning där paradoxen mellan behov av stöd och att bibehålla sin värdighet tydliggjordes.

Slutsatsen var att rapporteringarna och ronderna fungerade som arenor där vardagliga ord och begrepp användes för att beskriva och bedöma patienter och brukare. De vardagliga orden och begreppen reproducerade maktordningar där olika disciplinerande makttekniker kom till uttryck. Språket reproducerade också en heteronormativ genusordning där föreställningar kring femininitet och maskulinitet medverkade i bedömningarna av patienternas och brukarnas psykiska tillstånd. Eftersom patienter och brukare inte var delaktiga i samtalen om dem själva gavs möjlighet för vårdpersonal att beskriva och positionera patienterna och brukarna på sätt som patienterna själva inte var medvetna om. För att skapa möjligheter att bryta med stereotypa genusmönster samt mönster av dominans och underordning i psykiatrisk omvårdnad och omsorg bör studenter likväl som vårdpersonal arbeta med medvetandegörande och kritisk reflektion kring diskursiva normer och hur vi genom språket konstruerar patienten och brukaren.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sundsvall: Mid Sweden University , 2020. , p. 74
Series
Mid Sweden University doctoral thesis, ISSN 1652-893X ; 335
Keywords [en]
Content Analysis, Discourse Analysis, Femininity, Foucault, Language Masculinity, Nursing, Patients, Power, Psychiatry, Social Constructionism
Keywords [sv]
brukare, diskursanalys, femininitet, Foucault, innehållsanalys, maskulinitet, makt, omvårdnad, patienter, psykiatri, socialkonstruktionism, språk
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-40065ISBN: 978-91-88947-79-6 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:miun-40065DiVA, id: diva2:1476611
Public defence
2020-11-27, O 213, Kunskapens väg 8, Östersund, 10:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Vid tidpunkten för disputationen var följande delarbete opublicerat: delarbete 4 inskickat.

At the time of the doctoral defence the following paper was unpublished: paper 4 submitted.

Available from: 2020-10-29 Created: 2020-10-15 Last updated: 2020-10-29Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. The Talk About the Psychiatric Patient
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The Talk About the Psychiatric Patient
2016 (English)In: Issues in Mental Health Nursing, ISSN 0161-2840, E-ISSN 1096-4673, Vol. 37, no 10, p. 756-764Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Essential to psychiatric nursing practice and care, verbal handovers and ward rounds are reporting systems for communication that shapes psychiatric staff's ability to recognize, understand, and construct patients, as well as patients' ability to construct themselves. Given the centrality of such language in psychiatric practice, the aim of this study was to describe how psychiatric staff talk about patients in psychiatric wards, what their talk encompasses, and what consequences it might pose for patient care. Empirical data were collected from audio recordings of staff discussions of patients during nine verbal handovers and three ward rounds in six different general psychiatric wards in mid and southern Sweden. Findings showed that to describe patients' mood, characteristics, and behavior, nurses used culturally common words and concepts related to three themes-good patients, bad patients, and to stay or be discharged-and six subthemes-looking well, looking poorly, desirable patients, undesirable patients, continuing work, and being discharged. However, since assessments of and decisions about patients' conditions and care used everyday language and did not involve patients' participation, opportunities for patients to participate in their own care were rare.

National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-29554 (URN)10.1080/01612840.2016.1206153 (DOI)000388646100008 ()27463829 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-84979995862 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2016-12-14 Created: 2016-12-14 Last updated: 2020-10-15Bibliographically approved
2. The Importance of Being Acceptable: Psychiatric Staffs’ Talk about Women Patients in Forensic Care
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The Importance of Being Acceptable: Psychiatric Staffs’ Talk about Women Patients in Forensic Care
Show others...
2019 (English)In: Issues in Mental Health Nursing, ISSN 0161-2840, E-ISSN 1096-4673, Vol. 40, no 2, p. 124-132Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Currently, women comprise about ten percent of those sentenced to psychiatric forensic clinics in Sweden. Those who are sentenced to forensic care because of offending and violent behaviour have already taken a step away from the usually expected female behaviour. On the other hand, there are many women in forensic care who have not committed crimes, but who instead selfharm. Studies have identified a gender bias in diagnosing and care in psychiatric settings, but there are few studies conducted on women in forensic care. The present study therefore examined how the situation of women patients and female norms are expressed in the staff’s talk about these women during verbal handovers and ward rounds at a forensic clinic in Sweden. The aim was to explore how psychiatric staff, in a context of verbal handovers and ward rounds, talk about women who have been committed to forensic psychiatric care, and what consequences this might have for the care of the patients. The content of speech was examined using audio recordings and a method of analysis that was inspired by thematic analysis. The analysis identified that the staff talked about the women in a way that indicates that they expected the women to follow the rules and take responsibility for their bodies in order to be regarded as acceptable patients.                        

National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-35074 (URN)10.1080/01612840.2018.1514551 (DOI)000463571900006 ()30481089 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85057627205 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2018-12-06 Created: 2018-12-06 Last updated: 2020-10-15Bibliographically approved
3. Subordinated masculinities: A critical inquiry into reproduction of gender norms in handovers and rounds in a forensic psychiatric care
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Subordinated masculinities: A critical inquiry into reproduction of gender norms in handovers and rounds in a forensic psychiatric care
Show others...
2020 (English)In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 29, no 21-22, p. 4227-4238Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Aims and objectives: To examine how gendered discursive norms and notions of masculinity are (re)produced in professional conversations about men cared for as patients in forensic psychiatric care, with a particular focus on the centrality of language and gender. Background: During verbal handovers and ward rounds, care staff converse to share information about patients and make decisions about their mental status. Spoken language is thus a pivotal tool in verbal handovers and ward rounds, one able to reproduce discourses and gender norms. Design: Qualitative. Data collected from audio recordings of verbal handovers and ward rounds in a forensic psychiatric clinic were subjected to discourse analysis. The COREQ checklist was used. Results: While discussing patients, staff subordinated them by reproducing a discourse typical of heteronormative, family-oriented care. The overarching discourse, which we labelled subordinated masculinities, was supported by three other discourses: being unable to take responsibility, being drug-addicted and performing masculinity. Such discourse was identified as a disciplining practice that subordinate's patients as a means to maintain order, rules and gender norms. Conclusion: The study reveals a caring practice that position male patients as children or disabled individuals and, in that way, as subordinated other men within a context were staff reproduces a heteronormative family structured care. The process also reveals a practice were downplaying aggressive and deviant behaviour could disempower and reduce patients´ responsibility for personal actions and their possibilities to participate in their care. That finding especially seems to contradict previous findings that patients want to be able to act responsibly and, to that end, want care staff to help them. Relevance to clinical practice: Nurses need to deepen their understanding of how language (re)produces discursive norms of gender and masculinity in forensic care and that process's consequences for such care. 

Keywords
discourse, forensic care, masculinity, power, verbal handovers
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-39733 (URN)10.1111/jocn.15456 (DOI)000563406200001 ()2-s2.0-85089917120 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2020-09-08 Created: 2020-09-08 Last updated: 2020-10-15
4. Disciplined into Good Conduct: Gender Constructions of Users in a Municipal Psychiatric Context in Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Disciplined into Good Conduct: Gender Constructions of Users in a Municipal Psychiatric Context in Sweden
Show others...
2021 (English)In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 30, no 15-16, p. 2258-2269Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Aims and objectives: To examine how gendered discursive norms and notions of masculinity and femininity were (re)produced in professional conversations about users of long‐term municipality psychiatric care. Focus is on the staff’s use of language in relation to gender constructions.

Background: Psychiatric care in Sweden has undergone tremendous changes in recent decades from custodian care in large hospitals to a care mainly located in a municipal context. People who need psychiatric care services often live in supporting houses. In municipal psychiatric care, staff conduct weekly professional meetings to discuss daily matters and the users’ needs. Official reports of the Swedish government have shown that staff in municipal care services treat disabled women and men differently. Studies exploring gender in relation to users of long‐term psychiatric care in municipalities have problematised the care and how staff, through language, construct users’ gender. Therefore, language used by staff is a central tool for ascribing different gender identities of users.

Design: The content of speech derived from audio recordings were analysed using Foucauldian discursive analysis. The COREQ checklist was used in this article.

Results: The results indicate that by relying on gender discourses, staff create a conditional care related to how the users should demonstrate good conduct. In line with that, an overall discourse was created: Disciplined into good conduct. It was underpinned by three discourses inherent therein: The unreliable drinker and the confession, Threatened dignity, Doing different femininities.

Conclusion: The community psychiatric context generates a discourse of conduct in which staff, via spoken language (re)produces gendered patterns and power imbalances as a means to manage daily work routines. Such practices of care, in which constant, nearly panoptic, control despite the intention to promote autonomy, urgently require problematising current definitions of good conduct and normality.

Keywords
disability, discourse analysis, femininity, Foucault, masculinity, mental illness
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-40219 (URN)10.1111/jocn.15666 (DOI)000647320500001 ()2-s2.0-85105168795 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2021-01-25 Created: 2020-10-15 Last updated: 2021-07-05Bibliographically approved

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