Mid Sweden University

miun.sePublications
Change search
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Spleen Size and Function in Sherpa Living High, Sherpa Living Low and Nepalese Lowlanders
Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Nursing Sciences. Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences.
Show others and affiliations
2020 (English)In: Frontiers in Physiology, E-ISSN 1664-042X, Vol. 11, article id 647Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

High-altitude (HA) natives have evolved some beneficial responses leading to superior work capacity at HA compared to native lowlanders. Our aim was to study two responses potentially protective against hypoxia: the spleen contraction elevating hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and the cardiovascular diving response in Sherpa highlanders, compared to lowlanders. Male participants were recruited from three groups: (1) 21 Sherpa living at HA (SH); (2) seven Sherpa living at low altitude (SL); and (3) ten native Nepalese lowlanders (NL). They performed three apneas spaced by a two-min rest at low altitude (1370 m). Their peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO(2)), heart rate (HR), and spleen volume were measured across the apnea protocol. Spleen volume at rest was 198 +/- 56 mL in SH and 159 +/- 35 mL in SL (p= 0.047). The spleen was larger in Sherpa groups compared to the 129 +/- 22 mL in NL (p< 0.001 compared to SH;p= 0.046 compared to SL). Spleen contraction occurred in all groups during apnea, but it was greater in Sherpa groups compared to NL (p< 0.001). HR was lower in Sherpa groups compared to NL both during rest (SL:p< 0.001; SH:p= 0.003) and during maximal apneas (SL:p< 0.001; SH:p= 0.06). The apnea-induced HR reduction was 8 +/- 8% in SH, 10 +/- 4% in SL (NS), and 18 +/- 6% in NL (SH:p= 0.005; SL:p= 0.021 compared to NL). Resting SpO(2)was similar in all groups. The progressively decreasing baseline spleen size across SH, SL, and NL suggests a role of the spleen at HA and further that both genetic predisposition and environmental exposure determine human spleen size. The similar HR responses of SH and SL suggest that a genetic component is involved in determining the cardiovascular diving response.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2020. Vol. 11, article id 647
National Category
Health Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-39606DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00647ISI: 000552775300001PubMedID: 32695011Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85087867301OAI: oai:DiVA.org:miun-39606DiVA, id: diva2:1458583
Available from: 2020-08-17 Created: 2020-08-17 Last updated: 2024-01-17
In thesis
1. Protective Responses to Freediving Reveal High-Altitude Tolerance
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Protective Responses to Freediving Reveal High-Altitude Tolerance
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

High-altitude mountaineers - just as freedivers - are exposed to hypoxia. During freediving, the diving response leads to reduced oxygen consumption, and splenic contraction increases circulating hemoglobin concentration (Hb), which enhances freediving performance. It is unknown whether these responses relate with altitude-induced responses and what role the spleen has at high-altitude. My thesis aimed to explore whether associations exist between these apnea-induced responses and tolerance to high-altitude. In five studies, I investigated the diving response and splenic contraction during apnea in a range of groups, including recreational trekkers, elite climbers, indigenous Sherpa (living high and living low) and endurance athletes, at low-altitude and at high-altitude. My primary finding was striking: the diving response and splenic size were associated with tolerance to high-altitude; lowlanders with a strong diving response and large spleen showed less symptoms of acute mountain sickness at high-altitude. I also found that groups often exposed to high-altitude have larger spleens compared with groups who reside at sea-level. Interestingly, the Sherpa living high had larger spleens compared with Sherpa living low. Another important finding was that the spleen is reduced in size by ~14% per 1000 m of ascent in lowlanders, which was associated with enhanced baseline Hb. I also found that endurance athletes, who are dependent on efficient oxygen delivery, have larger spleens compared with untrained individuals. I conclude, that a strong diving response and a large spleen may be characteristics of high-altitude tolerant lowlanders, and could possibly be used to predict high-altitude sensitivity. Studies 1-4 suggest that a large spleen is a favourable trait in several groups to tolerate high-altitude hypoxia, likely by its ability to regulate circulating Hb. Sherpa had larger spleens compared with lowlanders, indicating that genetic factors influence splenic size, while the finding that Sherpa living high had larger spleens than Sherpa living low indicate that splenic size also is influenced by environmental exposure. Study 4 revealed a tonic splenic contraction in lowlanders at high-altitude, suggesting that the Hb regulating function may be important before EPO-induced red cell increase occurs, thereby aiding individual acclimatization. 

Abstract [sv]

Bergsbestigare - precis som fridykare - utsätts för syrebrist. Vid fridykning leder dykresponsen till minskad syreförbrukning, och mjältkontraktion ökar koncentrationen av cirkulerande hemoglobin (Hb), vilket försvarar kroppen mot syrebrist. Det är okänt om dessa försvarsreaktioner relaterar till de reaktioner som framkallas på hög höjd och vilken roll mjälten har på hög höjd. Min avhandling syftade till att undersöka om det finns något samband mellan dessa apné-inducerade reaktioner och tolerans mot hög höjd. I fem studier undersökte jag dykresponsen och mjältkontraktionen vid apné (anhållning), i olika grupper, inklusive fritidsvandrare, elitklättrare, inhemska sherpa (uppdelat mellan de som bor högt och de som bor lågt) och uthållighetsidrottare, på låg höjd och på hög höjd. Mitt primära fynd var slående: dykresponsen och mjältstorleken var associerade med tolerans mot syrebrist på hög höjd; lågländare med stark dykrespons och stor mjälte visade mindre symtom på akut hög höjdsjuka på hög höjd. Jag fann också att grupper som ofta exponeras för hög höjd har större mjälte jämfört med grupper som bor på havsnivå. Intressant nog hade Sherpa som bodde på hög höjd större mjältar jämfört med Sherpa som har migrerat till låg höjd. Ett annat viktigt fynd var att mjälten minskar i storlek med ~14% per 1000 m stigning hos lågländare, vilket var associerat med vilo- Hb. Jag fann också att uthållighetsidrottare, som är beroende av effektiv syretillförsel, har större mjältar jämfört med otränade individer. Jag drar slutsatsen att en stark dykrespons och en stor mjälte kan vara egenskaper hos höghöjdstoleranta lågländare som möjligen kan användas för att förutsäga höghöjdskänslighet. Studier 1–4 visade att mjälten är fördelaktig för att tolerera syrebrist på hög höjd i en rad olika grupper på hög höjd, troligen genom dess förmåga att reglera cirkulerande Hb. Sherpa hade större mjältar jämfört med lågländare, vilket tyder på att genetiska faktorer påverkar mjältstorleken, medan upptäckten att Sherpa som lever högt hade större mjältar än sherpa som lever lågt visar att mjältstorleken även bestäms av miljömässiga faktorer. Studie 4 visade en tonisk mjältkontraktion hos lågländare på hög höjd, vilket tyder på att den Hb-reglerande funktionen kan vara viktig innan EPO-inducerad ökning av röda blodkroppar sker, vilket kan bidra till individuell acklimatisering.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sundsvall: Mid Sweden University, 2022. p. 117
Series
Mid Sweden University doctoral thesis, ISSN 1652-893X ; 368
Keywords
Acclimatization, Acute Mountain Sickness, Adaptation, Apnea, Breath-hold diving, Cardiovascular diving response, High-altitude, Hypoxia tolerance, Spleen, Acklimatisering, Andhållningsdykning, Anpassning, Apné, Kardiovaskulära dykresponsen, Hög höjd, Hypoxitolerans, Hög-höjdssjukdom, Mjälte, Syrebärande kapacitet
National Category
Physiology and Anatomy Evolutionary Biology Sport and Fitness Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-44746 (URN)978-91-89341-56-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-04-29, F229, Kunskapens väg 8, Östersund, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2022-03-31 Created: 2022-03-31 Last updated: 2025-02-11Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

fulltext(1251 kB)727 downloads
File information
File name FULLTEXT01.pdfFile size 1251 kBChecksum SHA-512
88225979da02c17068ef2ea1f7d5d8d3abce298c5c2d5e32bf7a19917dc012008daf9fa921dcb5dc8a0c5abd0e1057de80ba73c6647164dd93d798c90a632eaa
Type fulltextMimetype application/pdf

Other links

Publisher's full textPubMedScopus

Authority records

Holmström, PontusMulder, EricLodin-Sundström, AngelicaSchagatay, Erika

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Holmström, PontusMulder, EricLodin-Sundström, AngelicaSchagatay, Erika
By organisation
Department of Health SciencesDepartment of Nursing Sciences
In the same journal
Frontiers in Physiology
Health Sciences

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar
Total: 728 downloads
The number of downloads is the sum of all downloads of full texts. It may include eg previous versions that are now no longer available

doi
pubmed
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

doi
pubmed
urn-nbn
Total: 310 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf