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Enabling paper-based flexible circuits with aluminium and copper conductors
Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Electronics Design. (Printed Electronics)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1125-1150
Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Electronics Design. (Pinted electronics)
Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Electronics Design. (Pinted electronics)ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2965-0288
RISE research institutes of Sweden.
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2019 (English)In: IOP Flexible and Printed Electronics, ISSN 2058-8585, Vol. 4, article id 045007Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Implementing electronics systems on paper is an important area of flexible circuit technologies. One of the approaches is to print conductive inks onto paper substrates, on which silicon-based surface mount device components are mounted. However, one of the problems is that the printed conductors have unneglectable resistivity. In this paper, we present paper-based flexible circuits, using copper and aluminium conductors that are laminated onto paper substrates using a high-speed roll-to-roll method. Edge roughness inspections and repeated two-point bending tests are carried out to evaluate the manufactured flexible circuits. Three surface mount techniques are used to assemble standard surface mount device components onto the flexible circuits, including an isotropic conductive adhesive, an anisotropic conductive adhesive, and a low-temperature solder paste. Several characterizations are performed to the surface mount techniques, including contact resistance measurements, component bonding strength tests, assembled circuit bending tests, and scanning electron microscopy. The results of the characterizations suggest that flexible circuits made from Cu with paper substrate achieve satisfactory results for mechanical reliability, all surface mount techniques, and have the potential to be used on automatic component assembly lines. In order to test whether such flexible circuits and surface mount techniques can be used in implementing electronics systems, passive NFC tags with relative humidity sensing functionality are made, which are interrogated by an NFC equipped mobile phone.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Temple Way, Bristol BS1 6HG, United Kingdom, 2019. Vol. 4, article id 045007
Keywords [en]
paper substrate, copper and aluminium conductors, hybrid electronics, surface mounting tecniques, isotropical conductive adhesive, anisotropic conductive adhesive, low-temperature solder paste
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-38098DOI: 10.1088/2058-8585/ab5cefISI: 000504314100002Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85081626216OAI: oai:DiVA.org:miun-38098DiVA, id: diva2:1379134
Projects
SmartAreaAvailable from: 2019-12-16 Created: 2019-12-16 Last updated: 2022-03-31Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Towards Large-Area Electronic Systems Using Non-Conventional Substrate and Conductor Materials
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Towards Large-Area Electronic Systems Using Non-Conventional Substrate and Conductor Materials
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Flexible circuits, also known as flexible printed circuit boards, were originally developed in the 1950s for interconnection between multiple electronic devices when flexibility and movement were required. Nowadays, flexible circuits can be used for implementing electronic systems much more complicated than just interconnections. A commonly seen material combination of flexible circuits is copper foils laminated on polyimide substrates, although these solutions are both expensive and environmentally hazardous. With developments in printed electronics, many non-conventional materials can be used in fabricating flexible circuits that have advantages such as increased flexibility, low cost, a small environmental impact, etc. In addition, fast and efficient manufacturing methods can produce flexible electronics in large volumes. This opens a window of opportunity to create electronic systems over geometrically large areas. This thesis proposes methods and guidelines for how to implement largearea electronic devices using non-conventional flexible materials and technologies. The thesis specifically focuses on electronic systems that integrate both digital and analogue signals. Further, it demonstrates and provides examples of how signals in the microwave frequencies, commonly requiring expensive materials, can be handled with non-conventional materials and technologies. Several conductor-substrate material combinations are used, which are fabricated using industrial processes. The conductor materials include conductive inks, copper foils, and aluminium foils, while the substrate materials comprise papers, a nonwoven fabric, and a polyimide. In particular, methods are investigated in order to achieve a low DC resistance in printed conductiveink-based tracks, which opens the possibilities for them to be used in highcurrent applications. Several surface mounting techniques are developed for incorporating surface mount devices within the fabricated flexible circuits, including the use of low-temperature solder paste, isotropic conductive adhesives, and anisotropic conductive adhesives. Some of the techniques have achieved sufficiently low contact resistance and adequate component bonding strengths, and thus can be used in implementing hybrid electronic systems. In addition, most of the techniques have the potential to be used in automated component assembly lines. As demonstrators, two antenna systems for commercial RFID readers operating at high frequency (13.56 MHz) and ultra-high frequency (867 MHz) iv Abstract bands are implemented, which comprise both digital and analogue signals. The two antenna systems are designed as part of SP4T switching networks using standard antenna elements as the loads of the network. It is shown in the results that both antenna systems have low RF attenuations, the potential to perform passive RFID tag positioning, and the possibility to be expanded to larger areas. Based on the characterisations to the two antenna systems, discussions are made about how large the antenna system areas can be as well as how many antenna elements can be achieved in a single antenna system. This thesis provides a material-to-system approach and demonstrates that non-conventional flexible materials and printed electronic technologies are suitable choices for large-area electronics.

Abstract [sv]

Flexibla kretsar, även kända som flexibla tryckta kretskort, utvecklades ursprungligen på 1950-talet för sammankoppling mellan flera elektroniska enheter när flexibilitet och rörelse var nödvändig. Numera kan flexibla kretsar användas för att implementera elektroniska system som är mycket mer komplicerade än bara sammankopplingar. En vanligt sett materialkombination av flexibla kretsar är kopparfolier laminerade på polyimid-substrat, även om dessa lösningar är både dyra och miljöfarliga. Med utvecklingen inom tryckt elektronik kan många icke-konventionella material användas för att tillverka flexibla kretsar som har fördelar såsom ökad flexibilitet, låg kostnad, en liten miljöpåverkan, etc. I tillägg kan snabba och effektiva tillverkningsmetoder producera flexibel elektronik i stora volymer. Detta öppnar ett fönster av möjligheter att skapa elektroniska system över geometriskt stora områden. Flera kombinationer av material för ledare och substrat används i denna avhandling, som tillverkas med industriella processer. Ledarmaterialen inkluderar ledande bläck, kopparfolier och aluminiumfolier, medan substraten innefattar papper, ett nonwoven-tyg och en polyimid. I synnerhet undersöks metoder för att uppnå låg DC-resistans i tryckta bläckbaserade ledare, vilket också möjliggör användning i högströmstillämpningar. Flera ytmonteringsmetoder utvecklas för att införliva ytmonterade komponenter i de tillverkade flexibla kretsarna, inklusive användning av lödpasta med låg temperatur, isotropa ledande lim och anisotropa ledande lim. Vissa av teknikerna har uppnått tillräckligt lågt kontaktmotstånd och adekvata komponentbindningsstyrkor och kan således användas vid implementering av hybridelektroniska system. Dessutom har de flesta tekniker potentialen att användas i automatiserade komponentmonteringslinjer. Som demonstrator implementeras två antennsystem för kommersiella RFID-läsare som arbetar med högfrekvensband (13.56 MHz) och ultrahögfrekvensband (867 MHz), som innefattar både digitala och analoga signaler. De två antennsystemen är konstruerade som en del av SP4T-nätverk med standardantennelement som nätverksbelastningar. Det visas i resultaten att båda antennsystemen har låga RF-dämpningar, potentialen att utföra passiv RFIDtaggpositionering och möjligheten att utökas till större områden. Baserat på resultaten diskuteras hur stora antennsystemområdena kan vara och hur många antennelement som kan uppnås i ett enda antennsystem. Sammanfattning vi Denna avhandling ger ett material-till-system-tillvägagångssätt och demonstrerar att icke-konventionella flexibla material och tryckt elektronisk teknik är lämpliga val för storskalig elektronik.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sundsvall: Mid Sweden University, 2020. p. 51
Series
Mid Sweden University doctoral thesis, ISSN 1652-893X ; 321
Keywords
Non-conventional materials, large-area electronics
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-38955 (URN)978-91-88947-47-5 (ISBN)
Public defence
2020-05-28, C312, Holmgatan 10, Sundsvall, 09:30 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Projects
IDPOSSmartArea
Note

Vid tidpunkten för disputationen var följande delarbete opublicerat: delarbete V (manuskript).

At the time of the doctoral defence the following paper was unpublished: paper V (manuscript).

Available from: 2020-04-30 Created: 2020-04-27 Last updated: 2020-04-30Bibliographically approved

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Li, XiaotianSidén, JohanAndersson, Henrik

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