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Global warming potential and absolute global temperature change potential from carbon dioxide and methane fluxes as indicators of regional sustainability – A case study of Jämtland, Sweden
Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Ecotechnology and Suistainable Building Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7037-5348
Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Natural Sciences.
2020 (English)In: Ecological Indicators, ISSN 1470-160X, E-ISSN 1872-7034, Vol. 110, article id 105831Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This study presents a regional model showing the balance of carbon dioxide and methane fluxes in the Swedish county Jämtland, applying a Global Warming Potential 20-year time horizon (GWP20) to meet the Paris agreement horizon and regional policy goals. The results clearly show the necessity to take both anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic emissions into consideration in analyses to be able to make proper priorities in future action strategies. The total annual impact from Jämtland calculated as carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2eq) is an uptake of 2.4 Mton (19 ton per capita). Jämtland shows large annual uptakes in forests (12.7 Mton CO2), but also large emissions of methane (80 kton corresponding to 6.7 Mton CO2eq), mainly from lakes, mires and ruminants. Anthropogenic carbon Greenhous gas emissions are dominated by transportation, working machines and consumption (mainly imported indirect emissions).

As a complement to GWP also the Absolute Global Temperature Change Potential (AGTP) as degree K response, is presented per sector and total for Jämtland County, for yearly emissions (as a pulse) and continuous emissions over 200 years. A yearly pulse from Jämtland gives a temperature response of about 0 K after 10 years and about −4 μK (cooling effect) after about 50 years). Using both GWP and AGTP as indicators improves the possibilities to find ways how to optimize regional climate policies to reduce global warming until a specific year.

Strategies and action plans should be developed focusing on the following:

- Reduced regional transportation and consumption activity.

- Increased (prioritized) use of renewable fuels for working machines in forestry and agriculture, as well as for heavy trucks.

- Evaluate the potential to reduce emissions of methane from wetlands and mires.

- Increase/optimize carbon dioxide assimilation in forests.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2020. Vol. 110, article id 105831
Keywords [en]
Regional sustainability, Carbon based fluxes, Sustainability indicators, Carbon dioxide emissions, Methane emissions, Nature emissions, AGTP response
National Category
Climate Research
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-37686DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105831ISI: 000507381800012Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85074161364OAI: oai:DiVA.org:miun-37686DiVA, id: diva2:1370418
Funder
Interreg Sweden-Norway, 20201304Available from: 2019-11-15 Created: 2019-11-15 Last updated: 2021-11-03Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Fossil Free or Not - That is the Question
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Fossil Free or Not - That is the Question
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This is an evaluation of Jämtland County’s ability to achieve its climate targets to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions with 10% annually, and to become fossil fuel free 2030. There is a risk that the target to become fossil fuel-free, relying primarily on outtake of forest biomass, contradicts with the target in the UN Paris Agreement to keep the global temperature increase below 1.5°C. Neither the GHG emissions reduction target, nor the target to become fossil fuel free, takes forest carbon content into account. To reach the target to become fossil fuel free, forest harvest volumes may need to be increased. This can result in lower short-term net climate benefits than if fossil fuels are substituted to a less extent, and harvest volumes are kept at lower levels. Lower harvest volumes contribute to higher net climate benefits, and in the short term this effect is greater the lower the harvest level. In any case, forest production should be optimized towards products that give high substitution effects from the replacement of other materials. 

To be able to reach the short-term reductions of GHG emissions, efforts should be made to decrease regional energy demand and general consumption. The transition to new technologies is slow, and is unlikely to contribute to short-term reductions. By the end of 2023, according to the county strategy, the GHG emissions should be max 73% of the emissions by the end of 2019. This is a historically huge reduction. The potential to increase uptake of carbon dioxide in forests should be considered as a complement to the other climate targets.  

Assessments of social/welfare risks have to be weighed against the risks of increased temperatures, which is challenging, but needs to be done. The complexity of differences in short-term and long-term carbon balance effects makes risk assessments of climate mitigation strategies difficult. Compromises will be required between risks with different time horizons. To rely on techno-optimistic visions increase the risks that the emission reduction target will not be reached. From some perspectives, it is positive to spread techno-optimistic future visions, but there is a risk that we will keep on increasing consumption if we believe that problems with increased atmospheric concentrations of GHG can be solved by continuous consumption of ‘sustainable’ products. A simple 2% rule of thumb is that 2 kg of CO2eq is emitted for each 100 SEK consumed. 

Abstract [sv]

Denna avhandling är en utvärdering av Jämtlands läns möjligheter att nå sina klimatmål att reducera växthusgasemissioner med 10% årligen, och samtidigt blir fossilbränslefria 2030. Det föreligger en risk att det regionala målet att bli fossilbränslefritt, vilket delvis vilar på uttag av biomassa, motverkar temperaturmålet i FNs Parisavtal att hålla temperaturökningen under 1,5°C. Varken målet att årligen reducera växthusgasutsläppen eller målet att bli fossilfritt, tar hänsyn till hur kolbalansen ser ut i skogarna. Ett växthusgasreduktionsmål i kombination med målet att bli fossilbränslefri ökar sannolikheten att skogsskördarna ökar, vilket för Jämtland mest sannolikt resulterar i en negativ klimateffekt. Lägre skördevolymer ger på kort sikt stora klimatvinster även om substitutionseffekter inräknas. Oavsett skördenivå bör skördade volymer styras mot produkter som ger hög substitutionseffekt där andra material ersätts. 

För att snabbt nå minskade växthusgasutsläpp på 10% per år, bör man öka ansträngningarna att reducera samhällets allmänna energibehov och minska totalkonsumtionen. Införandet av nya teknologier går långsamt, och ger knappast några kortsiktiga effekter på utsläppen. Vid slutet av 2023 skall, enligt länsstrategin, växthusgasutsläppen vara max 73% av 2019 års nivå. Detta är en historiskt stor reduktion. Som ett komplement bör möjligheterna att öka det naturliga upptaget av koldioxid undersökas. 

Bedömningar av välfärdsrisker och riskerna med ökande temperaturer måste vägas mot varandra. Komplexiteten i skillnader i kortsiktiga och långsiktiga effekter på klimatet gör riskbedömningar av olika klimatstrategier svår. Kompromisser kommer krävas mellan risker med olika tidshorisonter. Att förlita sig på techno-optimistiska visioner vilka präglar alla Sveriges länsstrategier, innebär att man inför risker att utsläppsreduktionsmålet inte kommer nås. Techno- optimistiska framtidsvisioner har förvisso sina företräden men det finns en uppenbar risk att konsumtionsnivån fortsätter stiga om vi tror att problemet med den globala uppvärmningen har en snabb lösning i att vi blir fossilbränslefria och konsumtion sker av ”hållbara produkter”. En enkel ”2%-tumregel” är att för varje konsumerad 100-lapp, emitteras 2 kg koldioxid. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Östersund: Mid Sweden University, 2021. p. 42
Series
Mid Sweden University doctoral thesis, ISSN 1652-893X ; 356
Keywords
Fossil free, Carbon balance, Carbon flow, Energy flow, Climate mitigation, Governing climate change, Forest carbon
National Category
Climate Research
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-43591 (URN)978-91-89341-34-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2021-12-08, F229, Kunskapens väg 12, 831 40 Östersund, Östersund, 09:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Interreg Sweden-Norway, SMICE
Available from: 2021-11-03 Created: 2021-11-03 Last updated: 2021-11-08Bibliographically approved

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Skytt, TorbjörnJonsson, Bengt-Gunnar

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