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The Art Is to Extubate, Not to Intubate-Swedish Registered Nurse Anesthetists' Experiences of the Process of Extubation After General Anesthesia
Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Nursing Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5897-0788
Karolinska Inst, Stockholm; Karolinska Univ Hosp, Stockholm.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5403-4183
Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Nursing Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1614-7379
Ersta Sköndal Bräcke Univ Coll, Stockholm.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9623-5813
2019 (English)In: Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing, ISSN 1089-9472, E-ISSN 1532-8473, Vol. 34, no 4, p. 789-800Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose: To describe Registered Nurse Anesthetists' (RNA's) experiences of the process of extubation of the endotracheal tube in patients undergoing general anesthesia. Design: A descriptive qualitative design. Methods: This study was conducted in two hospitals with 20 RNAs in total. Data were generated from focus group interviews. Content analysis was used to analyze data. Findings: The RNAs' experiences were described within four categories and eight subcategories. The category To be a step ahead includes assessment and preparation, and To be on my toes, their ability to recognize patterns and build a connection. To use situation awareness relates to their use of experience and feelings, and To be alone in a critical moment, to feeling alone in the team and protecting the patient. Conclusions: The RNAs make decisions when to extubate by combining theoretical knowledge, clinical experience, and intuition with the uniqueness of each patient.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2019. Vol. 34, no 4, p. 789-800
Keywords [en]
critical moment, endotracheal tube, experience, extubation, Registered Nurse Anesthetist, teamwork
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-36863DOI: 10.1016/j.jopan.2018.11.007ISI: 000477975200018PubMedID: 30745264Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85061143290OAI: oai:DiVA.org:miun-36863DiVA, id: diva2:1343189
Available from: 2019-08-15 Created: 2019-08-15 Last updated: 2023-10-24Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Tracheal Extubation of Patients Cared for in the Anesthesia Setting: Experiences Described by Registered Nurse Anesthetists and Anesthesiologists
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Tracheal Extubation of Patients Cared for in the Anesthesia Setting: Experiences Described by Registered Nurse Anesthetists and Anesthesiologists
2020 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Background In Sweden, extubation is an interdisciplinary process involving teamwork between Registered Nurse Anesthetists (RNA) and Anesthesiologists, and comprehensive demands are placed on the professionals providing anesthesia. The extubation of the endotracheal tube after General Anesthesia (GA) is a critical moment for the patient. In that moment, the patient is in a vulnerable state and at risk of suffering severe complications, such as hypoxia, laryngospasm, aspiration, and hypertension. Anesthesia deals with identifying options, making risk assessments and reconsiderations. Clinical decision-making in anesthesia includes making decisions quickly and sometimes re-evaluating these just as quickly. In the often brief meeting prior to anesthesia, a relationship with the patient emerges and an unspoken demand arises: to care for the life that is placed in the hands of the anesthetists.

Aim The overall aim was to gain an understanding of the Registered Nurse Anesthetists’ and Anesthesiologists’ experiences of their decision-making practices in the process of extubation of the endotracheal tube in the anesthesia setting with patients undergoing general anesthesia.

Method This licentiate thesis consists of two studies (I, II), both conducted with a qualitative design using focus-group interviews (I) and Individual interviews (II) to collect data. A total of 20 RNAs from two hospitals and 17 Anesthesiologists from three hospitals were included, using a consecutive sampling strategy. Both studies were analyzed with qualitative content analysis and adopted an inductive approach to seek a deeper understanding of the phenomena, using manifest content analysis. In order to explore how the RNAs and Anesthesiologists experience the process of extubation and to identify nuances between them, the two studies were merged together in this licentiate thesis.

Results When merging these studies (I, II) together by combining subcategories from both, six themes emerged. The theme, Assembling unique decisions, deals with the how the RNAs (I) and Anesthesiologists (II) assess, prepare, prevent and reconsider when planning for the extubation. Acting upon sensibilities consists of them recognizing patterns, leaning on their experience, and being receptive to different inputs from the patient and other professionals. The third theme, Being guided by intuition, included how the RNAs and Anesthesiologists relied on their feelings and were guided by emotions when deciding when to extubate. Safeguarding the patient deals with them protecting and acting as an advocate for the patient and how they focus on and are humble in the process of extubation. In the fifth theme, Being in a vulnerable position, the RNAs (I) felt they were on their own when making the decision on when to extubate, while the Anesthesiologists (II) felt as if they were one of the team. Using their own receptivity included how they established a connection with the patient and sensed the atmosphere.

Discussion In their first encounter with the patient, or when obtaining knowledge about the patient, the RNAs and Anesthesiologists had already started to tailor a mental plan of the extubation unique to each patient. The plan consisted of small pieces of information being gathered and assembled together during the anesthesia, and this information is then combined with their experience of similar situations and with their intuition with the aim of safeguarding the patient. RNAs and Anesthesiologists act upon sensibilities when deciding on when to extubate. These strategies align with the concept of phronesis, a form of knowledge understood as practical wisdom that facilitates good clinical judgement in being rational, which is based on pre-understanding, experience, and interpersonal relationships and which is difficult to teach to someone else.

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund I Sverige är extubation av patienter som genomgått generell anestesi (GA) i den anestesiologiska kontexten en interdisciplinär process mellan anestesisjuksköterskor och anestesiologer, som utför extubationen självständigt eller i samarbete med varandra. Inför extubation görs bedömningar om patienten återfått tillräcklig funktion respiratoriskt, cirkulatoriskt och neuromuskulärt för att klara av att spontanandas och skydda sin luftväg på ett säkert sätt efter extubering. Anestesi handlar om att identifiera valmöjligheter, göra riskbedömningar och att kontinuerligt ompröva sina beslut. Kliniskt beslutsfattande inom anestesi innebär att snabbt behöva fatta ett beslut som ibland behöver revideras lika fort. Att utföra extubation ställer höga krav på de professioner som utför den i en högteknologisk och tidspressad miljö. Det finns risk för att patienten drabbas av allvarliga komplikationer som hypoxi, laryngospasm, aspiration eller hypertension i samband med extubationen. I det ofta korta mötet med patienten inför anestesi finns ett outtalat krav att ta hand om det liv som läggs i händerna på anestesisjuksköterskorna och anestesiologerna. I dagsläget saknas forskning kring vad anestesisjuksköterskor och anestesiologer baserar sitt beslut att extubera på.

Syfte Att få en förståelse för hur anestesisjuksköterskor och anestesiologerna erfar beslutsfattande i extubationsprocessen i den anestesiologiska kontexten hos patienter som genomgått GA.

Metod Denna licentiatavhandling består av två studier (I, II), båda genomförda med en kvalitativ design med induktiv ansats. För att samla in data genomfördes fokusgruppintervjuer (I) och individuella intervjuer (II). Totalt 20 Anestesisjuksköterskor (I) från två sjukhus och 17 Anestesiologer (II) från tre iv sjukhus inkluderades med hjälp av ändamålsenligt urval. Båda studierna analyserades med kvalitativ manifest innehållsanalys beskriven av Graneheim och Lundman (2004). För att identifiera mönster och nyanser mellan anestesisjuksköterskornas (I) och anestesiologernas (II) erfarenheter av extubationsprocessen sammanfördes de två studierna. Detta genom att subkategorier från de båda studierna med liknande innehåll bildade teman som resulterade i licentiatavhandlingens resultat.

Resultat Att fatta beslut i extubationsprocessen utifrån anestesisjuksköterskor och anestesiologer erfarenheter, beskrivs i sex teman. Temat Utforma unika beslut beskriver hur de båda professionerna bedömer, förbereder, förhindrar risker och utvärderar sina beslut i extubationsprocessen. Agera utifrån känslointryck, hur de känner igen mönster, lutar sig mot sin erfarenhet och är mottaglig för den information som patienten och andra professioner ger. Temat Vara guidad av intuition, beskriver hur de förlitar sig på sin magkänsla när de beslutar sig för att extubera. Skyddande av patienten beskriver deras agerande som företrädare samt hur de är fokuserade och ödmjuka i extubationsprocessen. I temat, Vara i en sårbar position, beskriver anestesisjuksköterskorna att de kände sig ensamma i extubationsprocessen medan anestesiologerna att de behövde lita på anestesisjuksköterskorna när de själva inte var på plats i operationssalen vilket bidrog till en känsla av att vara sårbar. Temat Använda sin egen receptivitet beskriver hur anestesisjuksköterskorna etablerade en relation till patienten och hur anestesiologerna kände in atmosfären i operationssalen i extubationsprocessen.

Konklusion Denna licentiatavhandling tillför kunskap och förståelse för anestesisjuksköterskor och anestesiologers erfarenheter av att fatta beslut i extubationsprocessen när de tar hand om en patient i ett sårbart tillstånd. Samt hur de trots att de utför extubationen i en teknisk miljö med många potentiella störningsmoment kan se patienten bortom monitorer och skapa en relation med patienten.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sundsvall: Mid Sweden University, 2020. p. 46
Series
Mid Sweden University licentiate thesis, ISSN 1652-8948 ; 170
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-38995 (URN)978-91-88947-51-2 (ISBN)
Presentation
2020-05-28, Zoom, Mittuniversitetet, Östersund, 10:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Vid tidpunkten för disputationen var följande delarbete opublicerat: delarbete 2 inskickat manuskript.

At the time of the doctoral defence the following paper was unpublished: paper 2 submitted manuscript.

Available from: 2020-05-08 Created: 2020-05-07 Last updated: 2020-05-08Bibliographically approved

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Rönnberg, LindaHellzén, OveMelin-Johansson, Christina

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