This study deepens our knowledge about research on leadership in the didactic room, i.e., the framing of the current teaching situation, regardless of its location. The objective was to (a) identify and classify patterns and trends concerning teachers’ leadership in the didactic room from 1980 to 2013, (b) compare and discuss the findings, and (c) point to a future research agenda. The method is a systematic literature review (SLR) with a quantitative and qualitative content analysis. The results revealed that half of the research on this topic was performed from 2006 to 2013. The results also show that teachers’ leadership appears to be a Western phenomenon that is becoming increasingly relevant in our time. Two issues could be linked to this leadership: the unclear boundaries between different types of leadership and confusion about teachers’ personalities and leadership styles. This underlines the importance of contextual and situated didactic strategies and flexible leadership styles in the didactic room. Even if this study shows that an awareness of different didactic aspects exists concerning teachers’ leadership, a comprehensive approach to designing studies that incorporate the didactic complexities is lacking.