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Energy efficiency of new residential buildings in sweden: Design and Modelling Aspects
Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Ecotechnology and Sustainable Building Engineering. (The Ekoteknik research group)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5356-7471
2014 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Energy security and climate change mitigation have been discussed in Sweden since the oil crisis in the 1970s. Sweden has since then increased its share of renewable energy resources to reach the highest level among the EU member states, but is still among the countries with the highest primary energy use per capita. Not least because of that, increasing energy efficiency is important and it is part of the Swedish long term environmental objectives. Large potential for improving energy efficiency can be found in the building sector, mainly in the existing building stock but also in newly constructed buildings

In this thesis, criteria for energy efficiency in new residential buildings are studied, several design aspects of residential buildings are examined, and possible further analysis from an energy system perspective discussed. Three case studies of existing residential buildings were analysed, including one detached house and multi-storey apartment buildings. The analysis was based on both energy simulations and measurements in residential buildings.

The results show that the calculated specific final energy demand of residential buildings, before they are built, is too rough an indicator to explicitly steer society toward lower final energy use in the building sector. One of the reasons is assumptions made during calculation before the buildings is built. Another reason is the interior building design. A design that includes relatively large areas of heated corridors, service and storage rooms will lower the specific final energy demand without improving the building energy efficiency, which might increase both the total final energy demand and the use of construction materials in the building sector.

Efficient thermal envelopes are essential in construction of energy efficient buildings, which include the thermal resistance and also the shape of the building. The shape factor of buildings was found to be an important variable for heat demand in buildings located in temperate and colder climates, particularly if they are exposed to strong winds.

From a system perspective, energy efficiency measures and the performance of the end use heating technology in buildings should be evaluated together with the energy supply system, including the dynamic interaction between them.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Östersund: Mid Sweden University , 2014. , p. 46
Series
Mid Sweden University licentiate thesis, ISSN 1652-8948 ; 105
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-21933ISBN: 978-91-87557-10-1 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:miun-21933DiVA, id: diva2:717021
Presentation
2014-05-05, Q 221, Akademigatan 1, Östersund, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2014-05-16 Created: 2014-05-13 Last updated: 2018-12-20Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Primary energy implications of end-use energy efficiency measures in district heated buildings
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Primary energy implications of end-use energy efficiency measures in district heated buildings
2011 (English)In: Energy and Buildings, ISSN 0378-7788, E-ISSN 1872-6178, Vol. 43, no 1, p. 38-48Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In this study we explore the effects of end-use energy efficiency measures on different district heat production systems with combined heat and power (CHP) plants for base load production and heat-only boilers for peak and medium load productions. We model four minimum cost district heat production systems based on four environmental taxation scenarios, plus a reference district heat system used in Östersund, Sweden. We analyze the primary energy use and the cost of district heat production for each system. We then analyze the primary energy implications of end-use energy efficiency measures applied to a case-study apartment building, taking into account the reduced district heat demand, reduced cogenerated electricity and increased electricity use due to ventilation heat recovery. We find that district heat production cost in optimally-designed production systems is not sensitive to environmental taxation. The primary energy savings of end-use energy efficiency measures depend on the characteristics of the district heat production system and the type of end-use energy efficiency measures. Energy efficiency measures that reduce more of peak load than base load production give higher primary energy savings, because the primary energy efficiency is higher for CHP plants than for boilers. This study shows the importance of analyzing both the demand and supply sides as well as their interaction in order to minimize the primary energy use of district heated buildings.

Keywords
CHP plant; District heat production; Energy efficiency; Environmental taxations; Primary energy; Buildings
National Category
Construction Management Other Environmental Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-11899 (URN)10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.07.029 (DOI)000284682700005 ()2-s2.0-78049480263 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2010-08-06 Created: 2010-08-06 Last updated: 2018-12-20Bibliographically approved
2. Large variations in specific final energy use in Swedish apartment buildings: Causes and solutions
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Large variations in specific final energy use in Swedish apartment buildings: Causes and solutions
2012 (English)In: Energy and Buildings, ISSN 0378-7788, E-ISSN 1872-6178, Vol. 49, p. 276-285Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This study examines possible causes for variations in specific final energy use in new apartment buildings. The analysis is based on case studies of 22 new apartment buildings that were constructed as part of the ’Stockholm program for environmentally adapted buildings’. The buildings in the study were chosen because they share similar construction characteristics and similar energy systems but display unexpected large variations in specific energy use. Three causes were found to contribute to variations in monitored specific final energy use in the studied apartment buildings: (1) the time interval between the completion of construction work and the actual energy measurements, (2) the shape factor of the building and (3) the relative size of the common area. In addition, the buildings that participated in the Stockholm program failed to achieve the requirements for the specific final energy use, to a large extent, because of expectations based on the simulated values. The simulated specific final energy use predicted by the energy simulations were on average 19% lower than the monitored values, giving the impression that the buildings would fulfill the program’s energy requirements. The reasons for the low simulated values were determined to be large uncertainties in the input data. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords
Common area; Energy simulation; Shape factor; Specific final energy use
National Category
Construction Management Other Environmental Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-16717 (URN)10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.02.015 (DOI)000305875500030 ()2-s2.0-84861823253 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2012-08-22 Created: 2012-08-17 Last updated: 2018-12-20Bibliographically approved
3. The impact of the shape factor on final energy demand in residential buildings in nordic climates
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The impact of the shape factor on final energy demand in residential buildings in nordic climates
2012 (English)In: World Renewable Energy Forum, WREF 2012, Including World Renewable Energy Congress XII and Colorado Renewable Energy Society (CRES) Annual Conference, 2012, p. 4260-4264Conference paper, Published paper (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The shape factor of a building is the ratio between its envelope area and its volume. Buildings with a higher shape factor have a larger surface area in proportion to their volume, which results in larger heat losses in cold climates. This study analyzes the impact of the shape factor on the final energy demand by using five existing apartment buildings with different values of shape factor. Each building was simulated for twelve different scenarios: three thermal envelope scenarios and four climate zones. The differences in shape factor between the buildings were found to have a large impact and accounted for 10%-20% of their final energy demand. The impact of the shape factor was reduced with warmer climates and ceased with average outdoor temperature 11ºC-14ºC depending on the thermal envelope performance of the buildings.

Keywords
Apartment buildings; Cold climate; Final energy; Outdoor temperature; Residential building; Shape factor; Surface area
National Category
Building Technologies Architectural Engineering Environmental Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-16426 (URN)2-s2.0-84871535260 (Scopus ID)978-162276092-3 (ISBN)
Conference
World Renewable Energy Forum, WREF 2012, Including World Renewable Energy Congress XII and Colorado Renewable Energy Society (CRES) Annual Conference;Denver, CO;13 May 2012through17 May 2012;Code94564
Projects
Hållbara utvecklingsprocesser
Available from: 2012-06-12 Created: 2012-06-12 Last updated: 2018-12-20Bibliographically approved
4. Adaption of the passive house concept in northern Sweden: a case study of performance
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Adaption of the passive house concept in northern Sweden: a case study of performance
2013 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This study analyzes the performance of a case study of low energy house built in Östersund (lat.63°N), Sweden. The building is a semi detached house for two families, with each apartment having afloor space of 160 m2 divided on two floors. The building was constructed during 2010 according tothe Swedish passive house principles with design that meet the requirements for Swedish passivehouses as defined by the Forum for energy efficiency buildings (FEBY) and the Swedish center forzero energy houses (SCNH). The house is connected to the district heating network, which is the mainheat source for domestic water heating, floor heating in the bathroom and water based pre‐heatercoil in the ventilation system. Additionally, a wood stove is installed in the living room for thermalcomfort and convenience of the residents. The two identical residential units in the building wereinhabited in the end of 2010 by families with different characteristics; a family with two youngchildren in one unit and a middle aged couple in the other.A one year energy measurement campaign started in May 2012 for both of the residential units. Themeasurements started after a period of adjustments of the building energy system and include spaceand domestic water heating (separate measurements), household electricity, the amount of fuelwood used in the stove, and indoor thermal conditions. The results show that it is possible to buildpassive houses in the Northern regions of Sweden. The specific final energy demand of the casestudy was 23% lower than the Swedish FEBY‐requirements. Differences were found between themonitored and calculated specific final energy demand. These differences depend to a large extanton the occupants’ behavior and household characteristics. The final energy demand for heating anddomestic water heating found to vary significantly between the two households.

Keywords
Passive house, Sweden, final energy, energy measurement, occupants behaviour
National Category
Environmental Analysis and Construction Information Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-21001 (URN)
Conference
Passivhus Norden 2013, Göteborg,Sweden, 15-17 October 2013
Projects
HUP
Available from: 2014-01-10 Created: 2014-01-10 Last updated: 2018-12-20Bibliographically approved

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Danielski, Itai

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