Mid Sweden University

miun.sePublications
Change search
Link to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Beltramelli, Luca
Publications (10 of 13) Show all publications
Mahmood, A., Beltramelli, L., Abedin, S., Zeb, S., Mowla, N. I., Hassan, S. A., . . . Gidlund, M. (2022). Industrial IoT in 5G-and-Beyond Networks: Vision, Architecture, and Design Trends. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 18(6), 4122-4137
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Industrial IoT in 5G-and-Beyond Networks: Vision, Architecture, and Design Trends
Show others...
2022 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, ISSN 1551-3203, E-ISSN 1941-0050, Vol. 18, no 6, p. 4122-4137Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Cellular networks are envisioned to be a cornerstone in future industrial IoT (IIoT) wireless connectivity in terms of fulfilling the industrial-grade coverage, capacity, robustness, and ultra-responsiveness requirements. This vision has led to verticals-centric service-based architecture in 5G radio access and core networks, with the capabilities to include 5G-AI-Edge ecosystem for computing, intelligence, and flexible deployment and integration options (e.g., centralized and distributed, physical and virtual) while eliminating the privacy/security concerns of mission-critical systems. In this paper, driven by the industrial interest in enabling large-scale wireless IIoT deployments for operational agility, flexible, and cost-efficient production, we present the state-of-the-art 5G architecture, transformative technologies, and recent design trends, which we also selectively supplemented with new results. We also identify several research challenges in these promising design trends that beyond-5G systems must overcome to support the rapidly unfolding transition in creating value-centric industrial wireless networks.

Keywords
5G-and-beyond, Industry 40, IIoT, open RAN, private 5G, mmWave-MIMO capacity, NR-U, TSN, Security
National Category
Communication Systems Telecommunications
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-43647 (URN)10.1109/tii.2021.3115697 (DOI)000761218600056 ()2-s2.0-85123003929 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Knowledge Foundation
Available from: 2021-11-09 Created: 2021-11-09 Last updated: 2022-03-25Bibliographically approved
Forsström, S. & Beltramelli, L. (2021). Anpassad vidareutbildning för yrkesverksamma ingenjörer och stödja ett livslångt lärande. In: 8:e Utvecklingskonferensen för Sveriges ingenjörsutbildningar: . Paper presented at 8:e Utvecklingskonferensen för Sveriges ingenjörsutbildningar, Karlstad, Sverige, November 24-25, 2022..
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Anpassad vidareutbildning för yrkesverksamma ingenjörer och stödja ett livslångt lärande
2021 (Swedish)In: 8:e Utvecklingskonferensen för Sveriges ingenjörsutbildningar, 2021Conference paper, Published paper (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

Vi har under de senaste två åren arbetat med att gespecialanpassade kurser på avancerad nivå för yrkesverksammaingenjörer, specifikt inom områdena datateknik ochelektronik/elektroteknik. Tanken med denna artikel är att berättaom våra utmaningar, lärdomar, vårt upplägg, och våra framtidasatsningar inom vidareutbildning för yrkesverksamma. Dettaprojekt blev extra viktigt nu under COVID-19 pandemin då detblev en våg av permittering, varsel, och svårare arbetsmarknadför ingenjörer och data/elektro-tekniker.

Keywords
Vidareutbildning, expertkompetens, livslångt lärande
National Category
Pedagogical Work
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-44222 (URN)
Conference
8:e Utvecklingskonferensen för Sveriges ingenjörsutbildningar, Karlstad, Sverige, November 24-25, 2022.
Funder
Knowledge Foundation, 20180179
Available from: 2022-02-07 Created: 2022-02-07 Last updated: 2022-02-10Bibliographically approved
Beltramelli, L. (2021). Comparative performance evaluation of MiraMesh and SmartMesh IP.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Comparative performance evaluation of MiraMesh and SmartMesh IP
2021 (English)Report (Other academic)
National Category
Communication Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-43383 (URN)
Projects
Next Generation Industrial IoT (NIIT)
Funder
Knowledge Foundation
Available from: 2021-10-14 Created: 2021-10-14 Last updated: 2021-10-21Bibliographically approved
Beltramelli, L., Mahmood, A., Österberg, P., Gidlund, M., Ferrari, P. & Sisinni, E. (2021). Energy efficiency of slotted LoRaWANcommunication with out-of-band synchronization. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Energy efficiency of slotted LoRaWANcommunication with out-of-band synchronization
Show others...
2021 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, ISSN 0018-9456, E-ISSN 1557-9662Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Although the idea of using wireless links for covering large areas is not new, the advent of Low Power Wide area networks (LPWANs) has recently started changing the game. Simple, robust, narrowband modulation schemes permit the implementation of low-cost radio devices offering high receiver sensitivity, thus improving the overall link budget. The several technologies belonging to the LPWAN family, including the well-known LoRaWAN solution, provide a cost-effective answer to many Internet-of-things (IoT) applications, requiring wireless communication capable of supporting large networks of many devices (e.g., smart metering). Generally, the adopted medium access control (MAC) strategy is based on pure ALOHA, which, among other things, allows to minimize the traffic overhead under constrained duty cycle limitations of the unlicensed bands. Unfortunately, ALOHA suffers from poor scalability, rapidly collapsing in dense networks. This work investigates the design of an improved LoRaWAN MAC scheme based on slotted ALOHA. In particular, the required time dissemination is provided by out-of-band communications leveraging on Radio Data System(FM-RDS) broadcasting, which natively covers wide areas both indoor and outdoor. An experimental setup based on low-cost hardware is used to characterize the obtainable synchronization performance and derive a timing error model. Consequently, improvements in success probability and energy efficiency have been validated by means of simulations in very large networks with up to 10000 nodes. It is shown that the advantage of the proposed scheme over conventional LoRaWAN communication is up to 100% when short update time and large payload are required. Similar results are obtained regarding the energy efficiency improvement, that is close to 100% for relatively short transmission intervals and long message duration; however, due to the additional overhead for listening the time dissemination messages, efficiency gain can be negative for very short duration of message fastly repeating.

Keywords
LoRaWAN, LPWAN, slotted ALOHA, time synchronization, FM-RDS
National Category
Communication Systems Telecommunications
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-41035 (URN)10.1109/TIM.2021.3051238 (DOI)000930605900013 ()2-s2.0-85099535787 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Knowledge Foundation, NIIT
Available from: 2021-02-01 Created: 2021-02-01 Last updated: 2023-03-24Bibliographically approved
Mugisha, R., Mahmood, A., Abedin, S., Beltramelli, L. & Gidlund, M. (2021). Joint Power and Blocklength Allocation for Energy-Efficient Ultra- Reliable and Low- Latency Communications. In: International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems (ISWCS): . Paper presented at 17th International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems (ISWCS), Berlin, Germany, September 6-9, 2021..
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Joint Power and Blocklength Allocation for Energy-Efficient Ultra- Reliable and Low- Latency Communications
Show others...
2021 (English)In: International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems (ISWCS), 2021Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

In this work, we address the problem of jointly optimizing the transmit power and blocklength of a two-users scenario for orthogonal multiple access (OMA) and non-orthogonal (NOMA) access schemes. We formulate an optimization problem to obtain the energy-optimal blocklength and transmit power under ultra-reliable and low-latency communications (URLLC) reliability and latency constraints. The aim is to minimize the energy consumption at short-blocklength regime. Due to the problem's complexity, we decompose it into two sub-problems for the OMA case, where the base station (BS) employs a 2D search for strong user, and the bisection method for the weak user. On the contrary, we find the sufficient transmit power conditions for NOMA to obtain the feasible solution. Our results show that the minimum required energy increases with the reliability requirement for both the OMA and NOMA, while NOMA consumes more energy than OMA for the same reliability target. Moreover, the results indicate that NOMA reduces latency due to better blocklength utilization compared to OMA when the channel gain disparity between the users is small.

Keywords
Factory automation, finite blocklength, NOMA, OMA, URLLC
National Category
Communication Systems Telecommunications
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-43938 (URN)10.1109/ISWCS49558.2021.9562249 (DOI)2-s2.0-85118193624 (Scopus ID)
Conference
17th International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems (ISWCS), Berlin, Germany, September 6-9, 2021.
Funder
Knowledge Foundation
Available from: 2021-12-09 Created: 2021-12-09 Last updated: 2022-04-07Bibliographically approved
Beltramelli, L., Mahmood, A., Österberg, P. & Gidlund, M. (2021). LoRa beyond ALOHA: An Investigation of Alternative Random Access Protocols. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 17(5), 3544-3554
Open this publication in new window or tab >>LoRa beyond ALOHA: An Investigation of Alternative Random Access Protocols
2021 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, ISSN 1551-3203, E-ISSN 1941-0050, Vol. 17, no 5, p. 3544-3554Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

We present a stochastic geometry-based model to investigate alternative medium access choices for LoRaWAN a widely adopted low-power wide-area networking (LPWAN) technology for the Internet-of-things (IoT). LoRaWAN adoption is driven by its simplified network architecture, air interface, and medium access. The physical layer, known as LoRa, provides quasi-orthogonal virtual channels through spreading factors (SFs) and time-power capture gains. However, the adopted pure ALOHA access mechanism suffers, in terms of scalability, under the same-channel same-SF transmissions from a large number of devices. In this paper, our objective is to explore access mechanisms beyond-ALOHA for LoRaWAN. Using recent results on time- and power-capture effects of LoRa, we develop a unified model for the comparative study of other choices, i.e., slotted ALOHA and carrier-sense multiple access (CSMA). The model includes the necessary design parameters of these access mechanisms, such as guard time and synchronization accuracy for slotted ALOHA, carrier sensing threshold for CSMA. It also accounts for the spatial interaction of devices in annular shaped regions, characteristic of LoRa, for CSMA. The performance derived from the model in terms of coverage probability, throughput, and energy efficiency are validated using Monte-Carlo simulations. Our analysis shows that slotted ALOHA indeed has higher reliability than pure ALOHA but at the cost of lower energy efficiency for low device densities. Whereas, CSMA outperforms slotted ALOHA at smaller SFs in terms of reliability and energy efficiency, with its performance degrading to pure ALOHA at higher SFs.

Keywords
Interference, Multiaccess communication, Logic gates, Modulation, Analytical models, Scalability, Synchronization, Energy efficiency, Internet-of-things, LoRa, Low-power wide-area networks, Medium access
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-38600 (URN)10.1109/TII.2020.2977046 (DOI)000622100800055 ()2-s2.0-85101784182 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2020-03-09 Created: 2020-03-09 Last updated: 2021-11-29Bibliographically approved
Beltramelli, L., Mahmood, A., Ferrari, P., Österberg, P., Gidlund, M. & Sisinni, E. (2021). Synchronous LoRa Communication by Exploiting Large-Area out-of-band Synchronization. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 8(10), 7912-7924
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Synchronous LoRa Communication by Exploiting Large-Area out-of-band Synchronization
Show others...
2021 (English)In: IEEE Internet of Things Journal, ISSN 2327-4662, Vol. 8, no 10, p. 7912-7924Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Many new narrowband low-power wide-area networks (LPWANs) (e.g., LoRaWAN, Sigfox) have opted to use pure ALOHA-like access for its reduced control overhead and asynchronous transmissions. Although asynchronous access reduces the energy consumption of IoT devices, the network performance suffers from high intra-network interference in dense deployments. Contrarily, adopting synchronous access can improve throughput and fairness, however, it requires time synchronization. Unfortunately, maintaining synchronization over the narrowband LPWANs wastes channel time and transmission opportunities. In this paper, we propose the use of out-of-band time-dissemination to relatively synchronize the LoRa devices and thereby facilitate resource-efficient slotted uplink communication. In this respect, we conceptualize and analyze a co-designed synchronization and random access communication mechanism that can effectively exploit technologies providing limited time accuracy, such as FM radio data system (FM-RDS). While considering the LoRa-specific parameters, we derive the throughput of the proposed mechanism, compare it to a generic synchronous random access using in-band synchronization, and design the communication parameters under time uncertainty. We scrutinize the transmission time uncertainty of a device by introducing a clock error model that accounts for the errors in the synchronization source, local clock, propagation delay, and transceiver’s transmission time uncertainty. We characterize the time uncertainty of FM-RDS with hardware measurements and perform simulations to evaluate the proposed solution. The results, presented in terms of success probability, throughput, and fairness for a single-cell scenario, suggest that FM-RDS, despite its poor absolute synchronization, can be used effectively to realize time-slotted communication in LoRa with performance similar to that of more accurate time-dissemination technologies. 

National Category
Telecommunications
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-39007 (URN)10.1109/JIOT.2020.3041818 (DOI)000648206800011 ()2-s2.0-85097381115 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2020-05-12 Created: 2020-05-12 Last updated: 2021-11-29Bibliographically approved
Beltramelli, L. (2020). Random and Hybrid Medium Access for M2M Communication: Scalability and Energy Analysis. (Doctoral dissertation). Sundsvall: Mid Sweden University
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Random and Hybrid Medium Access for M2M Communication: Scalability and Energy Analysis
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The term machine-to-machine (M2M) communication identifies any fully automated communication between intelligent devices, autonomous from human intervention. M2M communication is a key enabling technology for the Internet of Things (IoT), where it is used to provide ubiquitous connectivity between a large number of intelligent devices. M2M technologies find applications in numerous emerging use cases, such as smart metering, smart cities, intelligent transportation systems, eHealth monitoring, and surveillance/security. The service requirements placed onM2M communication can vary greatly depending on the intended area of application. In general, M2M applications are characterized by the high number of devices communicating with one another through sporadic and short transmissions. The devices are generally distributed over wide areas without easy access to the power grid, relying for their energy supply on batteries and energy harvesting. Therefore, the design of M2M communication technologies should meet the goal of supporting a large number of connected devices while retaining low energy consumption. One of the obstacles to achieving this goal is the high level of interference that can be present on the channel if a large number of M2M devices decide to transmit within a short period of time. To understand how to overcome this obstacle, it is necessary to explore new and old design options available in the channel access of M2M communication. The aim of this work is to study the performance and propose improvements to the channel access mechanisms of M2M communication technologies operating in the unlicensed frequency spectrum. The two technologies discussed in this thesis are IEEE 802.11ah and LoRaWAN. The performance metrics that have been considered consistently throughout this work are the scalability and energy efficiency of the investigated channel access mechanisms, which are especially critical to massive M2M.The first part of the thesis focuses on the IEEE 802.11ah standard and its medium access mechanism with station grouping. An analytical model of the grouping mechanism of IEEE 802.11ah combined with enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) is presented to assess the quality of service (QoS) differentiation available in IEEE 802.11ah. The throughput and delay of the access categories of EDCA are investigated for different group size and composition. The results reveal that grouping is effective at increasing the throughput of both high and low priority access categories up to 40% compared to the case without groups. A redesign of the access mechanism of IEEE 802.11ah is proposed to realize a hybrid channel access for energy efficient uplink data transmission.  The numerical results show that fora wide range of contending M2M devices and even for the relatively small frame size of 256 bytes, the use of an hybrid channel access can help reducing the average energy  consumption  of  the  devices  per  successful  uplink  frame  transmission.   In the  considered  scenarios,  the  proposed  MAC  mechanism  was  able  to  reduce  the average  energy  consumption  per  successful  transmission  up  to  55%  compared  to standard approach. The second part of the thesis focuses on LoRa, with an investigation on the performance of alternative random channel access mechanisms in LoRaWAN. The connection between the channel access mechanism and the intensity of interference in LoRa networks is characterized for pure Aloha, slotted Aloha, and CSMA channel access. The results reveal several assisting guidelines on the design and selection of a medium access solution within LoRa’s parameter space: device density, service area, and spreading factor allocation.  An out-of-band synchronization mechanism based on FM-Radio Data System (FM-RDS) is proposed to achieve synchronous channel access in LoRa.  The throughput and fairness results for the proposed communication show the clear advantages of synchronous communication in LoRa, meanwhile, the use of out-of-band synchronization reduces the usage of LoRa channels, improving the scalability.  The timing errors of FM-RDS are evaluated combining experimental approach and analytical methods. The observations reveal that despite the poor absolute synchronization, FM-RDS can effectively be used to realize time-slotted communication in LoRa, with performance similar to those obtained by more accurate but expensive time-dissemination technologies.  Finally, a comprehensive model of the interference in neighboring clusters of LoRa devices is proposed, highlights the disruptive effects of the inter-cluster interference on the transmissions success probability, particularly for the devices using the largest spreading factors.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sundsvall: Mid Sweden University, 2020. p. 94
Series
Mid Sweden University doctoral thesis, ISSN 1652-893X ; 320
Keywords
M2M, LoRa, IEEE 802.1ah, energy, mathematical modeling
National Category
Telecommunications
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-39008 (URN)978-91-88947-46-8 (ISBN)
Public defence
2020-06-11, Zoom, Holmgatan 10, Sundsvall, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Knowledge Foundation
Note

Vid tidpunkten för disputationen var följande delarbete opublicerat: delarbete 5 inskickat

At the time of the doctoral defence the following paper was unpublished: paper 5 submitted

Available from: 2020-05-18 Created: 2020-05-12 Last updated: 2021-11-29Bibliographically approved
Beltramelli, L., Mahmood, A., Gidlund, M., Österberg, P. & Jennehag, U. (2018). Interference Modelling in a Multi-Cell LoRa System. In: 2018 14th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob): . Paper presented at The 14th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications, Limassol, Cyprus, October 15-17, 2018. IEEE
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Interference Modelling in a Multi-Cell LoRa System
Show others...
2018 (English)In: 2018 14th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob), IEEE, 2018Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

As the market for low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technologies expands and the number of connected devices increases, it is becoming important to investigate the performance of LPWAN candidate technologies in dense deployment scenarios. In dense deployments, where the networks usually exhibit the traits of an interference-limited system, a detailed intra- and inter-cell interference analysis of LPWANs is required. In this paper, we model and analyze the performance of uplink communication of a LoRa link in a multi-cell LoRa system. To such end, we use mathematical tools from stochastic geometry and geometric probability to model the spatial distribution of LoRa devices. The model captures the effects of the density of LoRa cells and the allocation of quasi-orthogonal spreading factors (SF) on the success probability of the LoRa transmissions. To account for practical deployment of LoRa gateways, we model the spatial distribution of the gateways with a Poisson point process (PPP) and Matèrn hard-core point process (MHC). Using our analytical formulation, we find the uplink performance in terms of success probability and potential throughput for each of the available SF in LoRa’s physical layer. Our results show that in dense multi-cell LoRa deployment with uplink traffic, the intercell interference noticeably degrades the system performance.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE, 2018
Keywords
stochastic geometry, interference modelling, LoRa
National Category
Communication Systems Computer Systems Telecommunications
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-34715 (URN)10.1109/WiMOB.2018.8589100 (DOI)000459858400010 ()2-s2.0-85060784032 (Scopus ID)978-1-5386-6876-4 (ISBN)
Conference
The 14th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications, Limassol, Cyprus, October 15-17, 2018
Projects
TIMELINESS
Funder
Knowledge Foundation
Available from: 2018-10-12 Created: 2018-10-12 Last updated: 2021-11-29Bibliographically approved
Beltramelli, L., Guntupalli, L., Gidlund, M., Österberg, P. & Jennehag, U. (2018). Modeling of Enhanced Distributed Channel Access with Station Grouping: A Throughput Analysis. In: Proc. IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC'18-fall), Chicago, USA, Aug. 2018.: . Paper presented at IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC'18-fall), Chicago, USA, 27-30 Aug. 2018. IEEE conference proceedings, Article ID 8690814.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Modeling of Enhanced Distributed Channel Access with Station Grouping: A Throughput Analysis
Show others...
2018 (English)In: Proc. IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC'18-fall), Chicago, USA, Aug. 2018., IEEE conference proceedings, 2018, article id 8690814Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Machine to Machine (M2M) communication networksare expected to connect a large number of power constrained devices in long range applications with differentquality of service (QoS) requirements. Medium access control with QoS support such as the Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) defined by IEEE 802.11e provides traffic differentiation and corresponding priority classes, which guarantees QoSaccording to the needs of applications. In this paper, we employa station grouping mechanism for enhancing the scalability of EDCA to handle the massive number of access attempts expected in large M2M networks. Furthermore, we develop a discrete time Markov chain (DTMC) model to analyze the performance of EDCA with station grouping. Using the developed DTMC model, we calculate throughput for each access category as well as for different combinations of grouping and EDCA parameters. Thenumerical results show that the model can precisely reveal the behavior of EDCA mechanism. Moreover, it is demonstrated that employing the proposed grouping mechanism for EDCA increasesthe normalized throughput significantly for all classes of priority.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE conference proceedings, 2018
Keywords
EDCA, IEEE 802.11e, Grouping, Throughput
National Category
Computer Engineering Communication Systems Telecommunications
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-34526 (URN)10.1109/VTCFall.2018.8690814 (DOI)000468872400263 ()2-s2.0-85064912874 (Scopus ID)
Conference
IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC'18-fall), Chicago, USA, 27-30 Aug. 2018
Projects
TIMELINESSSMART (Smarta system och tjänster för ett effektivt och innovativt samhälle)
Funder
Knowledge Foundation
Available from: 2018-09-27 Created: 2018-09-27 Last updated: 2021-11-29Bibliographically approved
Organisations

Search in DiVA

Show all publications