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McGawley, K., Toolis, T., Laaksonen, M. & Cooke, A. (2023). Effects of neurofeedback training on frontal midline theta power, shooting performance and attentional focus with experienced biathletes. In: : . Paper presented at 9th International Congress on Science and Skiing, Saalbach-Hinterglemm, Austria.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effects of neurofeedback training on frontal midline theta power, shooting performance and attentional focus with experienced biathletes
2023 (English)Conference paper, Poster (with or without abstract) (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

INTRODUCTION: Frontal midline theta power (FMT) has previously been associated with superior rifle shooting performance (1), which is crucial for successful biathlon performance (2,3). The purpose of the present study was to identify whether neurofeedback training using electroencephalography (EEG) would lead to increased FMT and improved rifle shooting performance and attentional focus in biathletes.

METHODS: Twenty-eight female and male biathletes (age: 21.7 ± 2.3 y) competing at national/international levels were pair-matched based on their best shooting test scores and were assigned to either a control group (CON: regular training only) or an intervention group (NFT: regular training plus 6 x 30-min sessions of neurofeedback training). The training intervention consisted of 6 sessions of 10 x 3-min blocks of neurofeedback training using EEG, which aimed to increase the participants’ FMT whilst dry-firing their rifle in a seated position. Pre- and post-tests included assessment of precision shooting and simulated biathlon performance.

RESULTS: FMT increased from baseline during the neurofeedback training sessions (p ≤ 0.05). However, there were no differences in pre- to post-test changes in FMT or shooting performance between the two groups (CON vs. NFT, p > 0.05). There was a small group (CON, NFT) x test (PRE, POST) interaction effect for attentional focus (p = 0.07; ηp2 = 0.12), indicating a potential benefit of neurofeedback training. Analyses of inter-individual differences indicated that superior shooters were more proficient at increasing FMT during neurofeedback training, but this did not translate to greater improvements in post-test shooting performance.

DISCUSSION: Our findings show that the prescribed neurofeedback training was sufficient to allow biathletes to increase FMT while dry-firing their rifle. However, the training intervention was ineffective in elevating FMT or improving rifle shooting performance during live-fire shooting tests, possibly due to participants developing varied, irrelevant or ineffective strategies to shape their FMT. Participants who were most responsive to the neurofeedback intervention tended to be most proficient during sport-specific shooting tests. This suggests that more skilled performers may be more receptive to neurofeedback training, although this requires further investigation.

 REFERENCES: 

1.    Luchsinger et al., 2016. PLoS One, 11: e0150461

2.    Luchsinger et al., 2019. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 14: 190–195

1.    Björklund et al., 2022. J Sports Sci, 40: 96–103

National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-48126 (URN)
Conference
9th International Congress on Science and Skiing, Saalbach-Hinterglemm, Austria
Available from: 2023-04-12 Created: 2023-04-12 Last updated: 2023-04-13Bibliographically approved
Toolis, T., Cooke, A., Laaksonen, M. S. & McGawley, K. (2023). Effects of Neurofeedback Training on Frontal Midline Theta Power, Shooting Performance, and Attentional Focus With Experienced Biathletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effects of Neurofeedback Training on Frontal Midline Theta Power, Shooting Performance, and Attentional Focus With Experienced Biathletes
2023 (English)In: Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, ISSN 1932-9261, E-ISSN 1932-927XArticle in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Abstract [en]

Frontal midline theta power (FMT) has been associated with superior rifle shooting performance. Our experiment examined whether electroencephalographic-based training could increase FMT, shooting performance, and attentional focus in highly trained/elite biathletes. Participants (n = 28; age, M = 21.7, SD = 2.3) were assigned to a control group or an intervention group (with 3 hr of neurofeedback training). FMT increased from baseline during the neurofeedback training sessions (p <= .05). However, there were no Group x Pre-post training (test) interactions for FMT or shooting performance (p > .05). There was a small Group x Test effect for attentional focus (p = .07, eta 2p = .12), indicating a potential benefit of neurofeedback training. Superior shooters were more proficient at increasing FMT during neurofeedback training, but this did not translate to greater improvements in shooting performance. Our findings suggest that the effects of neurofeedback training are transient and do not necessarily benefit performance.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Human Kinetics, 2023
Keywords
biathlon, brain training, EEG, rifle shooting, winter sport
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-48468 (URN)10.1123/jcsp.2022-0035 (DOI)000992566400001 ()
Available from: 2023-06-09 Created: 2023-06-09 Last updated: 2023-06-09Bibliographically approved
Staunton, C. A., Andersson, E. P., Björklund, G. & Laaksonen, M. (2023). Heart Rate–Blood Lactate Profiling in World-Class Biathletes During Cross-Country Skiing: The Difference Between Laboratory and Field Tests. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 18(7), 780-785
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Heart Rate–Blood Lactate Profiling in World-Class Biathletes During Cross-Country Skiing: The Difference Between Laboratory and Field Tests
2023 (English)In: International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, ISSN 1555-0265, E-ISSN 1555-0273, Vol. 18, no 7, p. 780-785Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose: To identify differences in heart rate (HR) and concentration of blood lactate ([La]) relationships between laboratory and field-based skate-roller-skiing tests.

Methods: Fourteen world-class biathletes (8 women, 6 men) completed a laboratory- and field-based roller-skiing test using the skate technique. The laboratory-based test comprised 5 to 7 submaximal steps at a fixed incline and speed on a roller-skiing treadmill. The field-based test comprised 5 steps on a course where the final hill was designed to mimic the conditions of the laboratory test. HR and [La] were measured for each step. The HR associated with 2 mmol·L−1(HR@2 mmol) and 4 mmol·L−1 (HR@4 mmol) of [La] was calculated using an interpolation method. A 1-way analysis of variance and Bland–Altman analyses with 95% limits of agreement (LoA) were used to determine if test type influenced HR@2 mmol orHR@4 mmol. A second-order polynomial was fitted to group-level data to highlight the HR–[La] relationships for laboratory- and field-based tests.

Results: HR@2 mmol was lower for field tests than for laboratory tests (mean bias: 1.9%HRmax; 95% LoA: −4.5 to+8.3%HRmax; P < .001). HR@4 mmol was also lower for field tests compared to laboratory tests (mean bias: 2.4%HRmax; 95%LoA: −1.2 to +6.0%HRmax; P < .001). On the group level, the lactate threshold occurred at a lower HR during roller skiing in the field compared to the laboratory.

Conclusions: The findings from this study confirm that for a given HR, [La] was greater in field compared with laboratory-based conditions. These results might have implications for how coaches define training-intensity“zones” during skate roller skiing based on laboratory tests.

Keywords
biathlon, exercise prescription, lactate threshold, roller skiing, training monitoring
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-48342 (URN)10.1123/ijspp.2023-0011 (DOI)000995912200001 ()37207998 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85164044404 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2023-05-22 Created: 2023-05-22 Last updated: 2023-08-14Bibliographically approved
Jonsson Kårström, M., Stöggl, T., Lund Ohlsson, M., McGawley, K. & Laaksonen, M. S. (2023). Kinematical effects of rifle carriage on roller skiing in well-trained female and male biathletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 33(4), 444-454
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Kinematical effects of rifle carriage on roller skiing in well-trained female and male biathletes
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2023 (English)In: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, ISSN 0905-7188, E-ISSN 1600-0838, Vol. 33, no 4, p. 444-454Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate how rifle carriage and skiing speed during biathlon roller skiing affect range of motion (ROM) in joint angles and equipment (skis and poles), the vertical distance between shoulders and treadmill (vertdist), as well as possible sex differences associated with rifle carriage. Methods: Fourteen biathletes (6 women, 8 men) roller-skied on a treadmill at submaximal and simulated race speeds, with (WR) and without (NR) a rifle, using gears 3 and 2. Kinematical data for the whole body, poles, roller-skis, rifle, and treadmill were monitored using a 3D motion capture system. Movements determined as flexion/extension (x), abduction/adduction (y), and/or internal/external rotation (z) were analyzed for the hip, shoulder, thorax, knee, ankle, elbow, poles, and roller skis. ROM (the difference between maximal and minimal angles) in joints and equipment, and vertdist were analyzed over six skiing cycles during each condition (WR and NR) and speed. Results: The maximal vertdist was lower for WR compared with NR (gear 3: 1.53 ± 0.06 vs 1.54 ± 0.06 m; gear 2: 1.49 ± 0.06 vs 1.51 ± 0.06 m; both p &lt; 0.001). ROM in the upper body was altered when roller skiing WR (movements decreased in thorax and shoulder (x) and increased in elbow (only gear 3) (x), thorax (only gear 2), and shoulder (y) and (z); all p &lt; 0.05) and increased with speed, without differences between sexes (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusion: Since rifle carriage and speed appear to affect the kinematics of roller skiing, coaches, and biathletes are advised to perform skiing technique training under competition-like conditions (i.e., at race speeds while carrying the rifle). 

Keywords
3D measurement, cross-country skiing, range of motion, skiing technique
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-46685 (URN)10.1111/sms.14276 (DOI)000892666500001 ()2-s2.0-85143406880 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2022-12-20 Created: 2022-12-20 Last updated: 2023-03-13Bibliographically approved
Staunton, C. A., Jonsson Kårström, M., Björklund, G. & Laaksonen, M. S. (2023). Performance and Micro‑Pacing Strategies in Biathlon Skiing. Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Performance and Micro‑Pacing Strategies in Biathlon Skiing
2023 (English)In: Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise, ISSN 2096-6709Article in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Abstract [en]

Purpose To examine the micro-pacing (within-lap) strategies during biathlon skiing with and without the biathlon rifle. Methods Twenty biathletes (7 women, 13 men) performed two crosscountry skiing time-trials on a ≈2300 m course, once with and once without the biathlon rifle. During time-trials, biathletes wore a sensor that recorded position, distance and skiing-speed. A trajectory correction and statistical parametric mapping procedure determined the course positions (clusters) where instantaneous skiing-speed was significantly related to time-trial performance. The time differences between the fastest and slowest skier in these clusters were calculated. Results The fastest biathletes skied with greater instantaneous speeds in specific clusters, which included both uphill and downhill sections. The clusters represented time gains for the fastest skier over the slowest skier of between 16.1 and 25.8 s for the women and between 18.9 and 21.9 s for the men. The largest time gains between the fastest and slowest biathletes were observed in a downhill section that was preceded by a 180° turn, where time gains were between 2.9 and 4.1 s in clusters of between just 12 to 62 m. In biathlon skiing with-rifle, there were more clusters that were not present during without-rifle. When skiing with-rifle, there were additional clusters in the uphill sections that represented time gains of 5.2 s and 2.3 s for the women and men, respectively. Conclusions Statistical parametric mapping can be used in biathlon to provide pacing and performance feedback to athletes and coaches.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2023
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-48478 (URN)10.1007/s42978-023-00237-w (DOI)001093299500001 ()2-s2.0-85161474357 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Mid Sweden University
Available from: 2023-06-12 Created: 2023-06-12 Last updated: 2023-11-16Bibliographically approved
Köykkä, M., Linnamo, V., Ruotsalainen, K., Rantalainen, T. & Laaksonen, M. S. (2023). Rifle and aiming point accelerations do not differ between the most and least accurate shots in biathlon shooting within an athlete. Biomedical Human Kinetics, 15(1), 139-147
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Rifle and aiming point accelerations do not differ between the most and least accurate shots in biathlon shooting within an athlete
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2023 (English)In: Biomedical Human Kinetics, ISSN 2080-2234, Vol. 15, no 1, p. 139-147Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Study aim: As studies from shooting disciplines other than biathlon have observed associations between weapon accelerations and shooting performance, this study investigated whether accelerations of the rifle stock and aiming point (the point on the target where the rifle is aimed at) are associated with shooting performance, and differences in rifle and aiming point accelerations between the most and least accurate shots. Further, associations between rifle and aiming point accelerations were studied.Materials and methods: Shooting performance (Hit(Dist), hit point distance from the center of the target) along with rifle and aiming point accelerations were measured from nine biathletes who performed 6x5 biathlon prone and standing shots.Results: In the prone posture, rifle or aiming point accelerations were neither associated with shooting performance nor with each other. In the standing posture, vertical rifle accelerations right before triggering were negatively associated with Hit(Dist) (r = -0.70, p < 0.05), whereas aiming point accelerations were not associated with Hit(Dist). Horizontal rifle accelerations were positively associated with aiming point accelerations in standing (r = 0.74, p = 0.024), whereas vertical or resultant rifle accelerations did not demonstrate associations with aiming point accelerations. In both postures, rifle accelerations were of the same magnitude in the most and least accurate shots.Conclusion: Rifle and aiming point accelerations provide limited description of the technical level in biathlon shooting. Moreover, rifle accelerations alone do not appear to provide sufficient information to deduce the aiming point movements. Angular movement would likely be required for aiming point movement estimation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2023
Keywords
Accelerometer, Wearable, Kinematics, Technique, Rifle shooting
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-48378 (URN)10.2478/bhk-2023-0017 (DOI)000994048600001 ()2-s2.0-85160686107 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2023-05-29 Created: 2023-05-29 Last updated: 2023-06-13Bibliographically approved
Jonsson Kårström, M., Staunton, C. A., McGawley, K., Björklund, G. & Laaksonen, M. (2023). Rifle carriage affects gear distribution during on-snow skiing in female and male biathletes. In: : . Paper presented at The International Congress of Science and Skiing (ICSS), Saalbach-Hinterglemm, Austria, March 18 – 22, 2023,.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Rifle carriage affects gear distribution during on-snow skiing in female and male biathletes
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2023 (English)Conference paper, Oral presentation with published abstract (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

INTRODUCTION: A greater usage of gear 3 is associated with improved performance in cross-country skiing. However, it remains unclear whether rifle carriage in biathlon affects sub-technique choice, and therefore biathlon skiing performance. Therefore,this study aimed to investigate whether rifle carriage affects gear distribution during on-snow skiing in biathletes, and whether there are any associated sex differences.

METHODS: Twenty-eight tier 3 biathletes (17 men, 11 women) skied a 2230-m lap at competition speed twice, once with the rifle (WR) and once without the rifle (NR) in a counter-balanced and randomized order. The course was divided into seven uphill sections, three flat sections and seven downhill sections. The biathletes wore aportable 3D-motion analysis system while skiing, which together with GNSS data enabled the characterization of distance covered and time spent in gears 2–4 and skiing without poles (NP). A two-way mixed model ANOVA was used to investigate whether rifle carriage and/or sex influenced gear distribution or performance.

RESULTS: Skiing WR increased the lap time compared to NR (412 (90) vs.395 (91) s, p < 0.001). The biathletes used gear 2 to a greater extent during WR compared to NR (distance: 413 ± 139 vs. 365 ± 142 m; time: 133 (95) vs. 113 (86) s;both p < 0.001) and gear 3 to a lesser extent (distance: 713 ± 166 vs. 769 ± 182 m,p < 0.001; time: 141 ± 33 vs. 149 ± 37 s, p < 0.01) without differences in gear 4 or NP.The women demonstrated a greater proportional use of gear 2 compared to the men (p < 0.05). For the two longest uphill sections, the uphill with a more moderate incline (4.5°) revealed more differences between WR and NR in the use of gears 2 and 3 compared to the uphill with a steeper incline (6.7°). Increased usage of gear 2 (distance and time) was also negatively related to performance during WR and NR (r = 0.516–0.901, p < 0.01).

DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: Rifle carriage decreases the distance covered and time spent in gear 3 and increases these metrics in gear 2, and the use of gear 2 was negatively related to performance. Rifle carriage had a greater impact on gear distribution when skiing in moderate uphill terrain, where changes between gears 2 and 3 were more common, compared to in steeper terrain. This information can be useful for athletes and coaches when developing and optimizing sport-specific biathlon training to improve performance.

National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-48005 (URN)
Conference
The International Congress of Science and Skiing (ICSS), Saalbach-Hinterglemm, Austria, March 18 – 22, 2023,
Available from: 2023-03-28 Created: 2023-03-28 Last updated: 2023-05-12Bibliographically approved
Kårström, A., Laaksonen, M. & Björklund, G. (2023). School’s out for summer–Differences in training characteristics between adolescent biathletes of different performance levels. PLOS ONE, 18(8), Article ID e0290408.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>School’s out for summer–Differences in training characteristics between adolescent biathletes of different performance levels
2023 (English)In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 18, no 8, article id e0290408Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The purpose of this study was to retrospectively describe the longitudinal changes of training variables in adolescent biathletes based on performance level. Thirty biathletes (15 men and 15 women) were included in the study and categorized as either national level biathletes (NLB, n = 21) or national team biathletes (NTB, n = 9). Retrospective training data was collected from training diary covering the biathletes’ four years (Y1-Y4) as student-athletes at upper secondary school. Training data was divided into physical and shooting training variables. A linear mixed-effect model was used for comparing the difference of the performance group and year of upper secondary school on training characteristics. The NTB group achieved a greater annual training volume than the NLB group, especially during Y4 (594±71 h·y-1 vs 461±127 h·y-1, p < 0.001), through an increase in duration of each session and by completing more weekly training volume during the general phase (13.7±4.6 vs 10.0±4.9 h·w-1, p = 0.004). No difference was observed in relative training intensity distribution between the groups. The total number of shots fired was also greater for the NTB (9971±4716 vs 7355±2812 shots·y-1, p = 0.003). There was an equal frequency in illness and injury for both the NLB and NTB. Accordingly, the results of the present study describe longitudinal changes of biathlon training in adolescent biathletes that also may affect performance development.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2023
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-49177 (URN)10.1371/journal.pone.0290408 (DOI)001067701100089 ()37616200 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85168718825 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2023-08-28 Created: 2023-08-28 Last updated: 2023-10-23Bibliographically approved
Kårström, A., Laaksonen, M. & Björklund, G. (2023). Training Characteristics Of Swedish Adolescent Biathletes. In: Abstract Book of the 9th International Congress on Science and Skiing: . Paper presented at 9th International Congress on Science and Skiing, Saalbach-Hinterglemm, Austria, 18-22 March, 2023 (pp. 81-81).
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Training Characteristics Of Swedish Adolescent Biathletes
2023 (English)In: Abstract Book of the 9th International Congress on Science and Skiing, 2023, p. 81-81Conference paper, Oral presentation with published abstract (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

INTRODUCTION: At upper secondary school (USS) with a sport profile, late adolescent athletes choose to specialize in one sport and balance an academic career while they aim to become a top-level athlete. Hence, the aim for this study was to examine the distribution in endurance training volume and intensity in two different performance groups of biathletes during their student-athlete pathway at USS.

METHODS: Retrospective training data of thirty adolescent biathletes (15 men and 15 women) was collected. The training data included training volume (h·y-1) and intensity distribution, using a five-zone model (Seiler, 2010). Inclusion criteria was completion of four years of USS (16 to 19 years old) and with a continued competing in biathlon post USS. The biathletes were grouped based on biathlon performance: that if they during or after USS were selected as a nationalteam biathlete (NTB, n = 9) by the Swedish Biathlon Federation or stayed a national level biathlete (NLB, n = 21). A linear mixed model was fitted for assessing the relationship between performance group and age-group on the training characteristics.

RESULTS: NTB and NLB had equal training volume and intensity distribution at year one, two and three. At year four NTB had a ~30% greater training volume than NLB (594 ± 71 h·y-1 vs 461 ± 127 h·y-1, p = .003) while performing the same number of training sessions (NTB, 359 ± 40 n, NLB, 320 ± 83 n, p = 0.878). There was no difference in training distribution at year one, two and three. At year four the NTB accumulated greater training volume compared to NLB in zone 1 (495 ± 54 vs 387 ± 107, p = .008) and zone 3 (21 ± 12 vs 13 ± 6, p = .019) respectively.  

DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: This study showed that a greater overall training volume during the last year of USS is of importance to become a NTB compared to NLB. The increased training volume for NTB was distributed in zone 1 and 3. The equal amount of training sessions indicates that NTB trained longer sessions. And speculatively, the greater amount of training volume was performed during non-school hours, because of the dual-career system and structure of the Swedish USS. Accordingly, this study conclude that late adolescent biathletes should increase their training volume, preferably in both zone 1 and in zone 3, outside of their normal USS training for increasing their chance of being selected to a national team.  

REFERENCES:  Seiler, S., 2010. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 

Keywords
biathlon, juniors, upper secondary school, students, training intensity
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-49178 (URN)
Conference
9th International Congress on Science and Skiing, Saalbach-Hinterglemm, Austria, 18-22 March, 2023
Available from: 2023-08-28 Created: 2023-08-28 Last updated: 2023-12-06Bibliographically approved
Jones, T. W., Lindblom, H. P., Laaksonen, M. & McGawley, K. (2023). Using Multivariate Data Analysis to Project Performance in Biathletes and Cross-Country Skiers. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 18(8), 840-851
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Using Multivariate Data Analysis to Project Performance in Biathletes and Cross-Country Skiers
2023 (English)In: International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, ISSN 1555-0265, E-ISSN 1555-0273, Vol. 18, no 8, p. 840-851Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose: To determine whether competitive performance, as defined by International Biathlon Union (IBU) and International Ski Federation (FIS) points in biathlon and cross-country (XC) skiing, respectively, can be projected using a combination of anthropometric and physiological metrics. Shooting accuracy was also included in the biathlon models. Methods: Data were analyzed using multivariate methods from 45 (23 female and 22 male) biathletes and 202 (86 female and 116 male) XC skiers who were all members of senior national teams, national development teams, or ski-university or high school invite-only programs (age range: 16-36 y). Anthropometric and physiological characteristics were assessed via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and incremental roller-ski treadmill tests, respectively. Shooting accuracy was assessed via an outdoor standardized testing protocol. Results: Valid projective models were identified for female biathletes' IBU points (R2 = .80/ Q2 = .65) and female XC skiers' FIS distance (R2 = .81/Q2 = .74) and sprint (R2 = .81/Q2 = .70) points. No valid models were identified for the men. The most important variables for the projection of IBU points were shooting accuracy, speeds at blood lactate concentrations of 4 and 2 mmol center dot L-1, peak aerobic power, and lean mass. The most important variables for the projection of FIS distance and sprint points were speeds at blood lactate concentrations of 4 and 2 mmol center dot L-1 and peak aerobic power. Conclusions: This study highlights the relative importance of specific anthropometric, physiological, and shooting-accuracy metrics in female biathletes and XC skiers. The data can help to identify the specific metrics that should be targeted when monitoring athletes' progression and designing training plans.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Human Kinetics, 2023
Keywords
athlete testing, FIS points, IBU points, endurance, winter sports
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-48920 (URN)10.1123/ijspp.2022-0412 (DOI)001009287000001 ()37290762 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85166363261 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2023-07-06 Created: 2023-07-06 Last updated: 2023-08-14Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-5574-8679

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