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Holmberg, Hans-ChristerORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-3814-6246
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Publications (10 of 398) Show all publications
Majerič, M., Verdel, N., Ogrin, J., Holmberg, H.-C. & Supej, M. (2022). Application of Experimental Measurements in a Wind Tunnel to the Development of a Model for Aerodynamic Drag on Elite Slalom and Giant Slalom Alpine Skiers. Applied Sciences, 12(2), Article ID 902.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Application of Experimental Measurements in a Wind Tunnel to the Development of a Model for Aerodynamic Drag on Elite Slalom and Giant Slalom Alpine Skiers
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2022 (English)In: Applied Sciences, E-ISSN 2076-3417, Vol. 12, no 2, article id 902Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Aerodynamic drag is a major cause of energy losses during alpine ski racing. Here we developed two models for monitoring the aerodynamic drag on elite alpine skiers in the technical disciplines. While 10 skiers assumed standard positions (high, middle, tuck) with exposure to different wind speeds (40, 60, and 80 km/h) in a wind tunnel, aerodynamic drag was assessed with a force plate, shoulder height with video-based kinematics, and cross-sectional area with interactive image segmentation. The two regression models developed had 3.9–7.7% coefficients of variation and 4.5–16.5% relative limits of agreement. The first was based on the product of the coefficient of aerodynamic drag and cross-sectional area (Cd·S) and the second on the coefficient of aerodynamic drag Cd and normalized cross-sectional area of the skier Sn, both expressed as a function of normalized shoulder height (hn). In addition, normative values for Cd (0.75 ± 0.09–1.17 ± 0.09), Sn (0.51 ± 0.03–0.99 ± 0.05), hn (0.48 ± 0.03–0.79 ± 0.02), and Cd·S (0.23 ± 0.03–0.66 ± 0.09 m2) were determined for the three different positions and wind speeds. Since the uncertainty in the determination of energy losses due to aerodynamic drag relative to total energy loss with these models is expected to be <2.5%, they provide a valuable tool for analysis of skiing performance. 

Keywords
Biomechanics, Coefficient of aerodynamic drag, Cross-sectional area, Dissipation, Energy, Energy loss, GNSS, GPS, Mechanical modelling, Performance
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-44119 (URN)10.3390/app12020902 (DOI)000756941400001 ()2-s2.0-85122913561 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2022-01-26 Created: 2022-01-26 Last updated: 2022-03-03Bibliographically approved
Pellegrini, B., Zoppirolli, C., Stella, F., Bortolan, L., Holmberg, H.-C. & Schena, F. (2022). Biomechanical analysis of the “running” vs. “conventional” diagonal stride uphill techniques as performed by elite cross-country skiers. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 11(1), 30-39
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Biomechanical analysis of the “running” vs. “conventional” diagonal stride uphill techniques as performed by elite cross-country skiers
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2022 (English)In: Journal of Sport and Health Science, ISSN 2095-2546, E-ISSN 2213-2961, Vol. 11, no 1, p. 30-39Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Objective: To compare biomechanical aspects of a novel “running” diagonal stride (DSRUN) with “conventional” diagonal stride (DSCONV) skiing techniques performed at high speed. Methods: Ten elite Italian male junior cross-country skiers skied on a treadmill at 10 km/h and at a 10° incline utilizing both variants of the diagonal stride technique. The 3-dimensional kinematics of the body, poles, and roller skis; the force exerted through the poles and foot plantar surfaces; and the angular motion of the leg joints were determined. Results: Compared to DSCONV, DSRUN demonstrated shorter cycle times (1.05 ± 0.05 s vs. 0.75 ± 0.03 s (mean ± SD), p < 0.001) due to a shorter rolling phase (0.40 ± 0.04 s vs. 0.09 ± 0.04 s, p < 0.001); greater force applied perpendicularly to the roller skis when they had stopped rolling forward (413 ± 190 N vs. 890 ± 170 N, p < 0.001), with peak force being attained earlier; prolonged knee extension, with a greater range of motion during the roller ski-stop phase (28° ± 4° vs. 16° ± 3°, p = 0.00014); and more pronounced hip and knee flexion during most of the forward leg swing. The mechanical work performed against friction during rolling was significantly less with DSRUN than with DSCONV (0.04 ± 0.01 J/(m·kg) vs. 0.10 ± 0.02 J/(m·kg), p < 0.001). Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that DSRUN is characterized by more rapid propulsion, earlier leg extension, and a greater range of motion of knee joint extension than DSCONV. Further investigations, preferably on snow, should reveal whether DSRUN results in higher acceleration and/or higher peak speed. 

Keywords
Classical skiing, Kinetics, Roller skiing
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-39299 (URN)10.1016/j.jshs.2020.04.011 (DOI)000754382100006 ()32439501 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85086392304 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2020-06-23 Created: 2020-06-23 Last updated: 2022-03-21
Nejabati, H. R., Ghaffari-Novin, M., Fathi-Maroufi, N., Faridvand, Y., Holmberg, H.-C., Hansson, O., . . . Nouri, M. (2022). N1-Methylnicotinamide: Is it Time to Consider it as a Dietary Supplement for Athletes?. Current pharmaceutical design, 28(10), 800-805
Open this publication in new window or tab >>N1-Methylnicotinamide: Is it Time to Consider it as a Dietary Supplement for Athletes?
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2022 (English)In: Current pharmaceutical design, ISSN 1381-6128, E-ISSN 1873-4286, Vol. 28, no 10, p. 800-805Article, review/survey (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Exercise is considered to be a “medicine” due to its modulatory roles in metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and obesity. The intensity and duration of exercise determine the mechanism of energy production by various tissues of the body, especially by muscles, in which the requirement for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) increases by as much as 100-fold. Naturally, athletes try to improve their exercise performance by dietary supplementation with, e.g., vitamins, metabolites, and amino acids. MNAM, as a vitamin B3 metabolite, reduc-es serum levels and liver contents of triglycerides and cholesterol, and induces lipolysis. It stimulates gluconeo-genesis and prohibits liver cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis through the expression of sirtuin1 (SIRT1). It seems that MNAM is not responsible for the actions of NNMT in the adipose tissues as MNAM inhibits the activity of NNMT in the adipose tissue and acts as an inhibitor of its activity. NNMT-MNAM axis is more activated in the muscles of individuals undergoing the high-volume-low-intensity exercise and caloric restriction. Therefore, MNAM could be an important myokine during exercise and fasting where it provides the required energy for muscles through the induction of lipolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver and adipose tissues, respectively. Increased levels of MNAM in exercise and fasting led us to propose that the consumption of MNAM during training, especially endurance training, could boost exercise capacity and improve perfor-mance. Therefore, in this review, we shed light on the potential of MNAM as a dietary supplement in sports medicine. 

Keywords
dietary supplement, exercise, MNAM, myokine, sports medicine, vitamin B3
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences Nutrition and Dietetics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-45085 (URN)10.2174/1381612828666220211151204 (DOI)000839355800006 ()35152860 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85130182574 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2022-05-31 Created: 2022-05-31 Last updated: 2022-09-02Bibliographically approved
Ogrin, J., Šarabon, N., Madsen, M. K., Kersting, U., Holmberg, H.-C. & Supej, M. (2021). Asymmetries in Ground Reaction Forces During Turns by Elite Slalom Alpine Skiers Are Not Related to Asymmetries in Muscular Strength. Frontiers in Physiology, 12, Article ID 577698.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Asymmetries in Ground Reaction Forces During Turns by Elite Slalom Alpine Skiers Are Not Related to Asymmetries in Muscular Strength
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2021 (English)In: Frontiers in Physiology, E-ISSN 1664-042X, Vol. 12, article id 577698Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The ground reaction forces (GRF) associated with competitive alpine skiing, which are relatively large, might be asymmetric during left and right turns due to asymmetries in the strength of the legs and torso and the present investigation was designed to evaluate this possibility. While skiing a symmetrical, 20-gate slalom course, the asymmetries of 9 elite alpine skiers were calculated on the basis of measurements provided by inertial motion units (IMU), a Global Navigation Satellite System and pressure insoles. In addition, specialized dynamometers were utilized to assess potential asymmetry in the strength of their legs and torso in the laboratory. In total, seven variables related to GRF were assessed on-snow and eight related to strength of the legs and torso in the laboratory. The asymmetries in these parameters between left and right turns on snow were expressed in terms of the symmetry (SI) and Jaccard indices (JI), while the asymmetries between the left and right sides of the body in the case of the laboratory measurements were expressed as the SIs. The three hypotheses to be tested were examined using multivariable regression models. Our findings resulted in rejection of all three hypotheses: The asymmetries in total GRF (H1), as well as in the GRF acting on the inside and outside legs (H2) and on the rear- and forefeet GRF (H3) during left and right turns were not associated with asymmetries in parameters related to muscular strength. Nevertheless, this group of elite slalom skiers exhibited significant asymmetry between their right and left legs with respect to MVC during ankle flexion (0.53 ± 0.06 versus 0.60 ± 0.07 Nm/kg, respectively) and hip extension (2.68 ± 0.39 versus 2.17 ± 0.26 Nm/kg), as well as with respect to the GRFs on the inside leg while skiing (66.8 ± 7.39 versus 76.0 ± 10.0 %BW). As indicated by the JI values, there were also large asymmetries related to GRF as measured by pressure insoles (range: 42.7–56.0%). In conclusion, inter-limb asymmetries in GRFs during elite alpine skiing are not related to corresponding asymmetries in muscular strength. Although our elite athletes exhibited relatively small inter-limb asymmetries in strength, their asymmetries in GRF on-snow were relatively large. 

Keywords
alpine skiing, biomechanics, force plate, GNSS-global navigation satellite system, GPS-global positional system, inertial suit, pressure insoles
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-41946 (URN)10.3389/fphys.2021.577698 (DOI)000639357000001 ()2-s2.0-85104153834 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2021-04-27 Created: 2021-04-27 Last updated: 2024-01-17
Zinner, C., Matzka, M., Krumscheid, S., Holmberg, H.-C. & Sperlich, B. (2021). Cardiorespiratory, Metabolic and Perceived Responses to Electrical Stimulation of Upper-Body Muscles while Performing Arm Cycling. Journal of Human Kinetics, 77(1), 117-123
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Cardiorespiratory, Metabolic and Perceived Responses to Electrical Stimulation of Upper-Body Muscles while Performing Arm Cycling
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2021 (English)In: Journal of Human Kinetics, ISSN 1640-5544, E-ISSN 1899-7562, Vol. 77, no 1, p. 117-123Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This study was designed to assess systemic cardio-respiratory, metabolic and perceived responses to incremental arm cycling with concurrent electrical myostimulation (EMS). Eleven participants (24 ± 3 yrs; 182 ± 10 cm; 86 ± 16.8 kg) performed two incremental tests involving arm cycling until volitional exhaustion was reached with and without EMS of upper-body muscles. The peak power output was 10.1% lower during arm cycling with (128 ± 30 W) than without EMS (141 ± 25 W, p = 0.01; d = 0.47). In addition, the heart rate (2-9%), oxygen uptake (7-15%), blood lactate concentration (8-46%) and ratings of perceived exertion (4-14%) while performing submaximal arm cycling with EMS were all higher with than without EMS (all p < 0.05). Upon exhaustion, the heart rate, oxygen uptake, lactate concentration, and ratings of perceived exertion did not differ between the two conditions (all p > 0.05). In conclusion, arm cycling with EMS induced more pronounced cardio-respiratory, metabolic and perceived responses, especially during submaximal arm cycling. This form of exercise with stimulation might be beneficial for a variety of athletes competing in sports involving considerable generation of work by the upper body (e.g., kayaking, cross-country skiing, swimming, rowing and various parasports). 

Keywords
arm cycling, oxygen uptake, parasports, ratings of perceived exertion, upper body
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-41647 (URN)10.2478/hukin-2021-0016 (DOI)000625103300011 ()2-s2.0-85101288997 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2021-03-15 Created: 2021-03-15 Last updated: 2021-04-01
Matzka, M., Zinner, C., Kunz, P., Holmberg, H.-C. & Sperlich, B. (2021). Comparison of Physiological Parameters During On-Water and Ergometer Kayaking and Their Relationship to Performance in Sprint Kayak Competitions. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 16(7), 958-964
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Comparison of Physiological Parameters During On-Water and Ergometer Kayaking and Their Relationship to Performance in Sprint Kayak Competitions
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2021 (English)In: International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, ISSN 1555-0265, E-ISSN 1555-0273, Vol. 16, no 7, p. 958-964Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose: (1) To compare various physiological indicators of performance during a 5 x 1500-nt incremental kayak test performed on an ergometer and on-water and (2) to analyze the relationships between these indicators and the actual competition performance of elite sprint kayakers, aiming to provide information to coaches for evaluating and planning training on-water. Methods: A total of 14 male and female German elite sprint kayakers performed an incremental test both on an ergometer and onwater. The tissue saturation index of the musculus (m.) biceps brachii, oxygen consumption, ratings of perceived exertion, and levels of blood lactate were measured and compared with actual racing times. In addition, power output was monitored during ergometer testing only. Results: Oxygen consumption during the fourth (P = .02; d = 0.32) and final (fifth; P < .001; d= 0.32) steps of incremental testing was higher on-water than on the ergometer. The tissue saturation index of the m. biceps brachii was approximately 21% higher at the end of the ergometer test (P = .002; d = 1.14). During the second (P = .01; d = 0.78), third (P = .005; d = 0.93), and fourth stages (P = .005; d = 1.02), the ratings of perceived exertion for ergometer kayaking was higher. During the final step, power output was most closely correlated to 200- (r = .88), 500- (r = .93). and 1000-m (r = .86) racing times (all Ps <.01). Conclusions: During high-intensity kayaking on an ergometer or on-water, the oxygen consumption and tissue saturation index of the m. biceps brachii differ. Furthermore, at moderate to submaximal intensities, the ratings of perceived exertion were higher for ergometer than for on-water kayaking. Finally, of all parameters assessed, the power output during ergometer kayaking exhibited the strongest correlation with actual racing performance.

Keywords
ergometry, muscle deoxygenation, near-infrared spectroscopy, VO(2)peak, water sport
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-42565 (URN)10.1123/ijspp.2019-0912 (DOI)000663020100007 ()33626508 (PubMedID)
Available from: 2021-07-05 Created: 2021-07-05 Last updated: 2021-07-05Bibliographically approved
Marsland, F., Anson, J. M., Waddington, G., Holmberg, H.-C. & Chapman, D. W. (2021). Comparisons of Macro-Kinematic Strategies During the Rounds of a Cross-Country Skiing Sprint Competition in Classic Technique. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2, Article ID 546205.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Comparisons of Macro-Kinematic Strategies During the Rounds of a Cross-Country Skiing Sprint Competition in Classic Technique
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2021 (English)In: Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, E-ISSN 2624-9367, Vol. 2, article id 546205Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This study was designed to examine macro-kinematic parameters of six female cross-country skiers during the qualifying, semi-final and final rounds of a 1.1 km sprint competition in classical technique. During each round these skiers were monitored continuously with a single micro-sensor, and their cycle parameters and relative use of these two sub-techniques calculated. Within each round six sections of the course, during which all skiers employed either double pole (DP) or diagonal stride (DS) sub-technique, were chosen for additional analysis. The mean macro-kinematic cycle parameters and relative usage of sub-techniques over the full course did not differ significantly between rounds. On average 54% of the course was covered employing DP and 13% using DS, while 32% was covered utilizing a non-cyclical or irregular technique. With DP, the mean racing speed and cycle rate (CR) on the starting, middle and finishing sections of the course differed significantly, with no differences in mean cycle length (CL) between the last two sections. At the finish, higher DP speed was achieved by increasing CR. On the three hills, where all athletes utilized DS, mean racing speed and CL, but not mean CR, differed significantly. On these sections DS speed was increased by utilizing longer cycles. The individual skiers utilized a variety of macro-kinematic strategies during different rounds and on different sections of the course, depending on individual strengths, preferences and pacing strategies, as well as the course topography and tactical interactions with other skiers. Such collection of macro-kinematic data during competitions can help to identify an individual skier's strengths and weaknesses, guiding the testing of different cycle rates, and lengths on different terrains during training in order to optimize performance.</p>

Keywords
cycle lengths, cycle rates, pacing, inertial sensors, performance analysis
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-43554 (URN)10.3389/fspor.2020.546205 (DOI)000705989100001 ()33585810 (PubMedID)
Available from: 2021-10-28 Created: 2021-10-28 Last updated: 2022-09-15
Gejl, K. D., Hvid, L. G., Andersson, E., Jensen, R., Holmberg, H.-C. & Ortenblad, N. (2021). Contractile Properties of MHC I and II Fibers From Highly Trained Arm and Leg Muscles of Cross-Country Skiers. Frontiers in Physiology, 12, Article ID 682943.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Contractile Properties of MHC I and II Fibers From Highly Trained Arm and Leg Muscles of Cross-Country Skiers
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2021 (English)In: Frontiers in Physiology, E-ISSN 1664-042X, Vol. 12, article id 682943Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Introduction Little is known about potential differences in contractile properties of muscle fibers of the same type in arms and legs. Accordingly, the present study was designed to compare the force-generating capacity and Ca2+ sensitivity of fibers from arm and leg muscles of highly trained cross-country skiers. Method Single muscle fibers of m. vastus lateralis and m. triceps brachii of eight highly trained cross-country skiers were analyzed with respect to maximal Ca2+-activated force, specific force and Ca2+ sensitivity. Result The maximal Ca2+-activated force was greater for myosin heavy chain (MHC) II than MHC I fibers in both the arm (+62%, P < 0.001) and leg muscle (+77%, P < 0.001), with no differences between limbs for each MHC isoform. In addition, the specific force of MHC II fibers was higher than that of MHC I fibers in both arms (+41%, P = 0.002) and legs (+95%, P < 0.001). The specific force of MHC II fibers was the same in both limbs, whereas MHC I fibers from the m. triceps brachii were, on average, 39% stronger than fibers of the same type from the m. vastus lateralis (P = 0.003). pCa(50) was not different between MHC I and II fibers in neither arms nor legs, but the MHC I fibers of m. triceps brachii demonstrated higher Ca2+ sensitivity than fibers of the same type from m. vastus lateralis (P = 0.007). Conclusion Comparison of muscles in limbs equally well trained revealed that MHC I fibers in the arm muscle exhibited a higher specific force-generating capacity and greater Ca2+ sensitivity than the same type of fiber in the leg, with no such difference in the case of MHC II fibers. These distinct differences in the properties of fibers of the same type in equally well-trained muscles open new perspectives in muscle physiology.

Keywords
myofiber, force-generating capacity, cross-country skiing, myosin heavy chain isoforms, athletes, exercise, triceps brachii, vastus lateralis
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-42766 (URN)10.3389/fphys.2021.682943 (DOI)000668107500001 ()34220547 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85111947171 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2021-08-11 Created: 2021-08-11 Last updated: 2024-01-17
Pellegrini, B., Sandbakk, Ø., Stöggl, T., Supej, M., Ørtenblad, N., Schürer, A., . . . Holmberg, H.-C. (2021). Methodological Guidelines Designed to Improve the Quality of Research on Cross-Country Skiing. Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise, 3(3), 207-223
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Methodological Guidelines Designed to Improve the Quality of Research on Cross-Country Skiing
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2021 (English)In: Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise, ISSN 2096-6709, Vol. 3, no 3, p. 207-223Article, review/survey (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Cross-country (XC) ski races involve a variety of formats, two different techniques and tracks with highly variable topography and environmental conditions. In addition, XC skiing is a major component of both Nordic combined and biathlon competitions. Research in this area, both in the laboratory and field, encounters certain difficulties that may reduce the reliability and validity of the data obtained, as well as complicate comparisons between studies. Here, 13 international experts propose specific guidelines designed to enhance the quality of research and publications on XC skiing, as well as on the biathlon and Nordic combined skiing. We consider biomechanical (kinematic, kinetic and neuromuscular) and physiological methodology (at the systemic and/or muscle level), providing recommendations for standardization/control of the experimental setup. We describe the types of measuring equipment and technology that are most suitable in this context. Moreover, we also deal with certain aspects of nomenclature of the classical and skating sub-techniques. In addition to enhancing the quality of studies on XC skiing, Nordic combined and biathlon, our guidelines should also be of value for sport scientists and coaches in other disciplines where physiological and/or biomechanical measurements are performed in the laboratory and/or outdoors. 

Keywords
Biomechanics, Measurement, Physiology, Reliability, Technology, Validity
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-43873 (URN)10.1007/s42978-021-00112-6 (DOI)2-s2.0-85119533630 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2021-11-30 Created: 2021-11-30 Last updated: 2021-11-30
Supej, M. & Holmberg, H.-C. (2021). Monitoring the Performance of Alpine Skiers with Inertial Motion Units: Practical and Methodological Considerations. Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise, 3(3), 249-256
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Monitoring the Performance of Alpine Skiers with Inertial Motion Units: Practical and Methodological Considerations
2021 (English)In: Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise, ISSN 2096-6709, Vol. 3, no 3, p. 249-256Article, review/survey (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Although reliable feedback is crucial to improving the performance of competitive alpine skiers, the coach's eye may not be sensitive enough to detect small, but highly significant “mistakes”. Monitoring of the performance of alpine ski racers by inertial motion units (IMU) has proven to be of value in this context and here we summarize practical and methodological aspects of this approach. Methodologically, the IMUs employed should combine high sampling frequencies with minimal signal drift. The sensors should be positioned to sense the movement of the bones in a given body segment while being protected as much as possible against impact with the ski gates. The data obtained, often synchronized with input from Global Satellite Navigation Systems (GNSS), are usually refined utilizing advanced biomechanical models and other computerized approaches. In practice, the combination of inertial sensors and GNSS allows accurate monitoring of skiing kinematics (technique) and the movement of the skier’s center-of-mass, also allowing analysis of both whole-body vibrations (WBV) and loss of mechanical energy. Presentation of the findings to coaches and athletes can be facilitated by synchronizing them with video recordings. Recent advances in IMU technology, including miniaturization, wireless communication, direct storage of data in the cloud, and processing with artificial intelligence may allow these sensors, in-combination with GNSS, to become real-time virtual alpine ski coaches, perhaps the next step in the development of this sport.

Keywords
Biomechanics, GLONASS, GPS, IMU, Kinematics, Technique
National Category
Sport and Fitness Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-43872 (URN)10.1007/s42978-021-00108-2 (DOI)2-s2.0-85119515634 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2021-11-30 Created: 2021-11-30 Last updated: 2021-11-30
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ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-3814-6246

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